75. See Wakelin Welch to TJ, 22 Aug. 1796, John Wickham to TJ, 8 Dec. 1796, and TJ to Wickham, 20 Jan. 1797. On the debts to Robert Cary & Co., see MB 3 June 1775 and 1 Apr. 1786, and, for the payments TJ made on the bonds executed here, see “Statement of the balance due from Thomas Jefferson esqr. to Wakelin Welch,” 1797-1810, MHi.

76.  Cary (b. 1785) worked in the Monticello nailery until 1803, when he was sold after beating a fellow nailer (MB 6 Aug. 1803).

77. TJ made a brief trip to Philadelphia to take the oath of office as Vice-President.

78.  Sephemiah Noe kept an Orange County ordinary (Orange County Personal Property List, 1796, Vi).

79.  Joseph Chew kept a Spotsylvania County ordinary (Spotsylvania County Court Order Book, 1795-1798, p. 260, Spotsylvania County Courthouse, Spotsylvania, Va.).

80. TJ received his certificate of election as Vice-President on this date (Certificate, 11 Feb. 1797, DLC).

81. In 1797 Clement Sewall kept a Fountain Inn on the west side of present Wisconsin Avenue in Georgetown (Bryan, “Hotels,” p. 88).

82. It is not known whether TJ spent two nights in Chestertown, Md., or unintentionally failed to include 28 Feb. when making his entries. Because of bad weather and missed stages, TJ’s decision to cross Chesapeake Bay and pursue the eastern route to Philadelphia cost him three extra days (TJ to MJR, 28 Feb. 1797).

83. The Red Lion tavern was about twelve miles southwest of Wilmington in present Red Lion, New Castle County, Del. (W.P.A. Writers’ Project, Delaware: A Guide to the First State [New York, 1938], p. 461-2).

84. Despite TJ’s wish to enter Philadelphia as unobtrusively as possible, he was greeted by sixteen rounds fired by a company of artillery (TJ to TMR, 22 Jan. 1797; TJ to James Madison, 30 Jan. 1797; Philadelphia General Advertiser, 3 Mch. 1797). TJ spent the first night with the James Madisons and then moved into John Francis’ hotel at 12 South Fourth Street; here he lodged on all subsequent returns to Philadelphia (Phila. Dir. 1794 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ; Dumbauld, Jefferson Tourist, p. 182-3 description begins Edward Dumbauld, Thomas Jefferson, American Tourist, Norman, Okla., 1946 description ends ).

85. This may have been the black ribbon that held TJ’s hair in a queue when he took the oath as Vice-President on 4 Mch. (Malone, Jefferson, iii, 296-7 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ).

86.  Simon Chaudron was a watchmaker and goldsmith at 12 South Third Street (Phila. Dir. 1797; Prime, Arts & Crafts, p. 98 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

87. John Randolph, Jr., as TJ called him, or, as he later styled himself, John Randolph of Roanoke (1773-1833), was at this time living at Bizarre in Cumberland County, Va. He was first elected to Congress in 1799.

88. The Vice-President’s annual salary was $5,000, payable quarterly.

89. The first of her kind to be seen in America, this Bengal elephant had been exhibited since 1796 on the south side of Market Street between Third and Fourth streets, just around the corner from TJ’s lodgings (Philadelphia General Advertiser, 7 Nov. 1796, 13 Mch. 1797; Edward C. Carter II and others, eds., Latrobe’s View of America, 1795-1820 [New Haven, 1985], p. 292-5).

90. TJ and three others had reserved the entire mail stage to Baltimore. His companions were Senator Henry Tazewell of Virginia, either Thomas or William Blount, and a Mr. Brown. Another gentleman, who somehow managed to travel in the same stage, gave to William Dunlap a brief report on their political conversation, describing TJ as “a polite man, but much attached to the french and their politics” (TJ to Maria Jefferson, 11 Mch. 1797; MB 14 Mch. 1797; Diary of William Dunlap [New York, 1930], i, 188-9).

91.  John Bedford was a shoemaker at 79 South Second Street (Phila. Dir. 1797 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

92.  Thomas Olive kept a Spotsylvania County ordinary (Spotsylvania County Court Minute Book, 1799-1802, p. 3, Spotsylvania County Courthouse, Spotsylvania, Va.).

93.  Nance (b. 1761), a daughter of Betty Hemings inherited by TJ from John Wayles, had been part of the portion TJ provided for Anna Scott Jefferson on her marriage to Hastings Marks in 1785. When TJ reestablished the manufacture of cloth at Monticello in 1795, he bought back Nance, who was a weaver, for £60. Her daughter Critta (c. 1783-1819), who was purchased at the same time by TMR for £70, lived at Monticello for several years as nurse to TJ’s grandchildren and became the wife of TJ’s slave Burwell (TJ to Overton Callis, 8 May 1795; MB 17 Dec. 1798; Ellen W. Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph, 31 Aug. 1819, ViU).

94.  Henry Duke was a brickmason at Monticello in 1797, 1798, and 1799.

95.  John Coalter (1771-1838), Staunton attorney and later judge, was enlisted by TJ in 1807 to collect Samuel Clarke’s overdue nail account (TJ to Coalter, 8 May 1807).

96. Printer and bookdealer Samuel Pleasants, Jr. (d. 1814), had been publishing a semiweekly newspaper in Richmond since 1793. It was known as the Virginia Argus from 1796 until its discontinuance in 1816 (Brigham, History, ii, 1136, 1142-3, 1148 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 576 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

97.  Charles Wingfield, Jr. (d. 1819), Charles Lilburne Lewis’ brother-in-law, lived about fourteen miles southwest of Monticello at Bellair on the Hardware River. The family tradition that he was a minister seems to be supported by testimony in the MB (Woods, Albemarle, p. 345 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ; MB 13 Sep. 1811, 8 June 1812).

98. TJ was returning to Philadelphia for a special session of Congress dealing with Franco-American relations.

99. TJ shared the stage from Baltimore to Philadelphia with his old friend Dr. Walter Jones (1745-1815), a congressman from Lancaster County, and Matthew Clay (1754-1815), congressman from Halifax County, Va. (Blanton, Medicine in Virginia, p. 233-6 description begins Wyndham B. Blanton, Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century, Richmond, 1931 description ends ).

1. This was probably a small metal plate engraved with TJ’s signature, “Th: Jefferson,” and used for making calling cards, one of which survives in the Monticello Archives.

2. This was probably John Dawson (1762-1814), Republican congressman from Fredericksburg.

3.  Samuel Harrison Smith (1772-1845) began publishing the weekly Universal Gazette on 16 Nov. 1797. In 1800 Smith followed the government to Washington, where he continued the Gazette and founded the triweekly National Intelligencer. His publications were staunch supporters of TJ, and Smith and his wife, Margaret Bayard Smith, were TJ’s close personal friends (Brigham, History, i, 103-4, ii, 960 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 595 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

4. The Italian sculptor Giuseppe Ceracchi (1751-1802) had modeled TJ’s head in terracotta sometime in 1791 or 1792, probably at Ceracchi’s lodgings in Mary House’s Philadelphia boardinghouse. After his return to Italy he executed a massive marble bust which was offered to TJ as an apparent gift in 1793 and arrived at Monticello in 1795. The dilemma arising from TJ’s policy of not accepting gifts while in public office was soon resolved by the arrival of Ceracchi’s bill for $1,500. After prolonged negotiations, TJ finally paid $550 for the bust in 1800. This portrait in marble, which TJ considered a masterpiece, was given a prominent place in the hall at Monticello. After TJ’s death it was sold to the U.S. government and was destroyed in the 1851 fire in the Library of Congress (Bush, Life Portraits, p. 33-6 description begins Alfred L. Bush, “The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson,” Jefferson and the Arts: An Extended View, ed. William Howard Adams, Washington, D.C., 1976 description ends ; MB 14 Jan. 1800). John Bohlen was a merchant at 106 Market Street (Phila. Dir. 1797 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

5. TJ employed only one servant when in Philadelphia during his vice presidency. John Theodore served him until June 1798. He was attended by Jacob Lawrence in the first two months of 1799 and by Fortune Barnes in the first five months of 1800.

6.  Joseph Gatty, an Italian glassblower and weather instrument maker at 79 South Front Street, was probably the “most excellent hand” who made the maximum-and-minimum thermometer mentioned in TJ to TMR, 11 Mch. 1797 (Bedini, Thinkers and Tinkers, p. 303 description begins Silvio A. Bedini, Thinkers and Tinkers: Early American Men of Science, New York, 1975 description ends ).

7.  Etienne Simonet was a pastry cook, confectioner, and caterer in South Second Street (Philadelphia Aurora. General Advertiser, 15 Nov. 1798; Phila. Dir. 1797 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

8.  Joseph Gales (1761-1841) had bought the Philadelphia semiweekly Independent Gazetteer in Sep. 1796 and continued it only until Sep. 1797 as Gales’ Independent Gazetteer (Brigham, History, ii, 910-11, 919-20 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ).

9.  James Thomson Callender’s History of the United States for 1796 was at this time appearing as a series of pamphlets containing the accusations which forced Alexander Hamilton to defend his public honor by exposing his affair with Maria Reynolds (Sowerby, No. 3515 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ). Not published in book form until later in the summer, this work cost $1.25, or $1.00 to subscribers, so TJ may have ordered extra copies for distribution or, as was often his practice, with charitable intent. This payment was probably made at TJ’s first meeting with this notorious pamphleteer, which is said to have taken place at Callender’s publishers Snowden and McCorkle at 47 North Fourth Street. It marked the beginning of an association that was to cause TJ deep pain and embarrassment during his presidency (Snowden & McCorkle to James Madison, 9 Aug. 1797, DLC: Madison Papers; Charles A. Jellison, “That Scoundrel Callender,” VMHB, lxvii [1959], 297; Brown, Philadelphia Book Trade, p. 111 description begins H. Glenn Brown and Maude O. Brown, A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820, New York, 1950 description ends ). TJ’s continued association with this unscrupulous scandalmonger, in the final analysis certainly an unwise one, must be viewed in the light of the fiercely partisan years of the Adams administration, later remembered by TJ as “the gloomy days of terrorism.” TJ was always able to view Callender, who was in constant trouble because of his anti-Federalist writings, as the unfortunate victim of antidemocratical persecution. Callender, for his part, saw himself as the Republicans’ “assistant writer,” and as such entitled to financial support (TJ to Charles Holt, 23 Nov. 1810; Callender to TJ, 26 Oct. 1798). When he was not rewarded with a government appointment on TJ’s accession to the presidency, Callender changed his political colors and in 1802 launched a series of vicious attacks on the personal character of his former hero, full of slanderous accusations which TJ’s reputation has never been able to dispel completely. TJ’s connection with Callender, which consisted of only a few personal meetings, three surviving TJ letters, and charities in five years amounting to something over $200, may be followed in MB and, slightly misstated, in TJ to James Monroe, 15 and 17 July 1802, and TJ to Abigail Adams, 22 July 1804. See also Malone, Jefferson, iii, 331-4, 468-72, iv, 207-20 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends , and Worthington C. Ford, ed., Thomas Jefferson and James Thomson Callender (Brooklyn, 1897).

10. Fly brushes were long handled brushes, often made from peacock feathers, used to ward off flies (OED description begins A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, ed. Sir James Murray and others, Oxford, 1888-1933 description ends ).

11.  George Hyde was a bookbinder and bookseller at 147 Chestnut Street (Brown, Philadelphia Book Trade, p. 65 description begins H. Glenn Brown and Maude O. Brown, A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820, New York, 1950 description ends ).

12.  Peter Lohra was a scrivener and notary public at 36 Chestnut Street (Phila. Dir. 1797 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

13. Through Joseph B. Varnum, Republican congressman from Massachusetts, TJ subscribed to Thomas Adams and Isaac Larkin’s Boston semiweekly Independent Chronicle, the leading disseminator of Jeffersonian ideas in New England (Brigham, History, i, 307-8 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 589 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

14. TJ’s restrained charitable association with Andrew G. Fraunces, a former clerk in the Treasury Department who had incurred the displeasure of its Secretary, was soon used by Hamilton in the retaliatory portions of the defense of his actions in office and disclosure of the Reynolds affair in his Observations, published in August (John Barnes to TJ, 3 Oct. 1797; Malone, Jefferson, iii, 328-30 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ; Papers, xviii, 658-9 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

15.  Joseph B. Barry had a shop at 148 South Third Street. TJ’s purchases from this noted cabinetmaker have not been identified (Phila. Dir. 1797 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ; Charles F. Montgomery, American Furniture, The Federal Period [New York, 1966], p. 134).

16.  Joseph Roberts, ironmonger at 16 North Fourth Street, supplied TJ with nailrod until 1802, when TJ began dealing with Roberts’ former partner Benjamin Jones of Jones & Howell (Phila. Dir. 1797, 1804 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ). Unless otherwise noted, TJ’s payments over the years to Roberts, Roberts & Jones, and Jones & Howell were for nailrod.

17. TJ, who on 27 June had been to the port of Philadelphia to greet the disembarking James Monroe, was present at a testimonial dinner given by the Republican members of Congress for the returning minister to France at James Oeller’s hotel on 1 July (Ammon, Monroe, p. 157-8 description begins Harry Ammon, James Monroe, New York, 1971. description ends ; Malone, Jefferson, iii, 324-5 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ).

18. This may have been Joseph Jones, Jr., the eighteen-year-old son of James Monroe’s uncle Joseph Jones (1727-1805). He had been attending school under Monroe’s eye in France (Ammon, Monroe, p. 139 description begins Harry Ammon, James Monroe, New York, 1971. description ends ).

19.  John Cole was a hatter and sold men’s clothing at 77 Market and 54 Sassafras streets (Phila. Dir. 1797 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

20. At this time Nimrod Bramham (d. 1845), who became a leading Albemarle County citizen and member of the Baptist church, had a store about twelve miles northwest of Charlottesville at the junction of the Turkey Sag and Barboursville roads. In TJ’s opinion “a gentleman of truth and candour,” Bramham moved his mercantile business to Charlottesville’s Court Square about 1806 and was later a director of the Rivanna Navigation Company (Woods, Albemarle, p. 148-9 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ; TJ to Philip Barbour, 4 Jan. 1813; Rawlings, Early Charlottesville, p. 4 description begins Mary Rawlings, ed., Early Charlottesville: Recollections of James Alexander 1828-1874, Charlottesville, Va., 1942 description ends ).

21. Pouncey’s, a 400-acre tract about five miles east of Monticello at the junction of the Three Notched Road and the road from Charlottesville to Gordonsville, had been patented in 1756 by PJ, who devised these 100 acres to James Spears in his will (LPB, xvii, 261, xxiv, 134 description begins Land Patent Books. Vi description ends ; AlCWB, ii, 32 description begins Albemarle County Will Books, Albemarle County Courthouse, Charlottesville, Va. description ends ). Spears never took possession of this land, on which TJ had always paid taxes, and for £20 his grandson John Spears gave TJ clear title to it by deed of 12 Feb. 1797 (AlCDB, xii, 290-1 description begins Albemarle County Deed Books, Albemarle County Courthouse, Charlottesville, Va. description ends ). TJ later had to defend his title in suits with Richard Johnson and John Snead (MB 7 July 1799). TJ sold the entire Pouncey’s tract in 1820 to Dr. Charles Everette for $5,000 (AlCDB, xxii, 389 description begins Albemarle County Deed Books, Albemarle County Courthouse, Charlottesville, Va. description ends ; TJ’s Conveyance of Pouncey’s Tract to Everette, 3 Aug. 1821; MB 13 July 1820).

22. Thomas Jefferson, Poplar Forest.

23.  Craven Peyton (1775-1837), Milton merchant and later TJ’s confidential agent in the complex Henderson land purchase, had married Charles L. Lewis’ daughter Jane in 1795. Peyton leased and lived at Shadwell in 1800 and 1801, removed to Stump Island, a few miles downriver from Milton, in 1802, and began living at Monteagle after the Lewises emigrated to Kentucky in 1807 (Merrill, Jefferson’s Nephews, p. 60-1 and passim description begins Boynton Merrill, Jr., Jefferson’s Nephews: A Frontier Tragedy, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ; Woods, Albemarle, p. 295 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ).

24.  Burwell (b. 1783), son of Betty Brown, became perhaps TJ’s most valued and trusted slave. During TJ’s presidency he was the head house servant at Monticello, where he was keeper of the keys of the cellar and chief waiter, as well as a skilled painter and glazier. He married his first cousin Critta (c. 1783-1819) and they had a number of children, the property of TMR and MJR. TJ freed Burwell in his will, with a provision of $300 to set him up in his painting and glazing trade. Burwell, who took the surname Colbert, worked as a painter at the University of Virginia (Bear, Jefferson at Monticello, p. 94, 99, 102, 121 description begins Jefferson at Monticello, ed. James A. Bear, Jr., Charlottesville, Va., 1967 description ends ; Ellen W. Randolph to MJR, 28 July 1819, to Virginia J. Randolph, 31 Aug. 1819, ViU).

25.  William Davenport worked as a carpenter at Monticello in 1797 and 1798 (“William Davenport in account with Th: J.,” 12 Aug. 1797-10 Dec. 1798, MHi).

26. Henderson’s falls are at a bend in the Rivanna River about a mile below the town of Milton (Nichols, No. 193 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, ed. Frederick D. Nichols, 4th ed., Charlottesville, Va., 1978 description ends ).

27. The purpose of John Bringhurst’s visit to Monticello, where he had arrived on 2 Aug., was to set up a shop for TJ’s slave tinsmith Isaac (James Madison to TJ, 2 Aug. 1797; Bear, Jefferson at Monticello, p. 15 description begins Jefferson at Monticello, ed. James A. Bear, Jr., Charlottesville, Va., 1967 description ends ).

28. Correctly £55–9–8.

29. This payment, through the medium of John Barnes, was evidently TJ’s response to the first surviving letter in the TJ-Callender correspondence, Callender to TJ, 28 Sep. 1797, received on 6 Oct. The pamphleteer, after alluding to a TJ offer of financial assistance at the completion of his next work, asked for the money in advance. At this time he was preparing his Sketches (TJ to Barnes, 8 Oct. 1797; see note 43 below).

30.  Rachael (b. 1776), daughter of Abram and Doll, and Minerva (b. 1771), daughter of Squire and Belinda, were Monticello slaves. Minerva was married to Bagwell.

31. The wedding of Maria Jefferson and her first cousin John Wayles Eppes took place at Monticello. TJ gave them thirty-one slaves and Pantops, the 819¼-acre farm across the Rivanna River from Monticello, but was never able to persuade them to make it their permanent residence (AlCDB, xii, 363-4 description begins Albemarle County Deed Books, Albemarle County Courthouse, Charlottesville, Va. description ends ).

32.  Chiles Terrell had married Margaret Douglas Meriwether in 1783. They lived about ten miles northeast of Monticello at Music Hall (Woods, Albemarle, p. 326 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ).

33.  Anthony Giannini had sued TJ, as Philip Mazzei’s representative, for indemnification for promised return passage to Italy. On 11 Aug. 1797 the jury found for the defendant, reprimanding the plaintiff for his “false Clamour” (AlCCOB, 1795-1798, p. 367 description begins Albemarle County Court Order Books, Albemarle County Courthouse, Charlottesville, Va. description ends ; Merrill, Jefferson’s Nephews, p. 348-50 description begins Boynton Merrill, Jr., Jefferson’s Nephews: A Frontier Tragedy, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ).

34. MJE’s sprained ankle, followed by his own heavy cold and a spell of inclement weather, had caused TJ to postpone his departure from Monticello from day to day. He finally arrived in Philadelphia a month after the opening of the second session of the Fifth Congress (TJ to Henry Tazewell, 28 Nov. 1797; TJ to MJE, 2 Dec. 1797).

35. TJ first wrote “Colo. Ren’s,” later adding the “W.” Prominent Fairfax County citizen James Wren kept, according to TJ, “a very decent house” in present Falls Church. TJ maps and itineraries place Gaines’ tavern, also called by TJ Darrington’s or Brown’s after its resident innkeepers, about two miles south of present Manassas in Prince William County (TJ to MJR, 3 June 1802; Nan Netherton et al., Fairfax County, Virginia: A History [Fairfax, Va., 1978], p. 152-3; TJ map, DLC: 41695; TJ table of mileages, ViU: 2467; TJ to Brown, 18 Jan. 1805).

36. After seeing a newspaper advertisement placed by George Jefferson, Jr. (1748-1812), son of his cousin George Jefferson, TJ transferred his Richmond commission business from Charles Johnston to the firm of George Jefferson & Co., later Gibson & Jefferson. When Jefferson left Virginia for a consular position in 1812, his partner Patrick Gibson (1774-1827) continued to transact TJ’s business until Bernard Peyton began handling TJ’s commissions in 1820 (TJ to Jefferson, 2 Dec. 1797; Norfleet, Saint-Mémin, p. 165-6, 176 description begins Fillmore Norfleet, Saint-Mémin in Virginia: Portraits and Biographies, Richmond, Va., 1942 description ends ).

37. TJ sent this grain drill, an improved version of the one he had purchased in 1794, to the Royal Board of Agriculture in London. Thomas Martin’s water-powered threshing machine received a patent 3 June 1798; at John Taylor’s request, TJ handled Martin’s patent application, which included a description and a hand-operated scale model (John Taylor to TJ, 14 Oct., 19 Nov. 1797, 25 Mch. 1798; TJ to Taylor, 8 Oct. 1797, 6 Apr., 4 June 1798; TJ to John Sinclair, 23 Mch., 28 Apr. 1798).