12. The Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser was published by Samuel Relf and Andrew Brown. Although there is no previous mention in MB, TJ may have been subscribing to this Federalist daily since its first publication as the Federal Gazette in 1788 (Brigham, History, ii, 905, 911 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 540 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

13. TJ may not have previously acquired the first volume of the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, which was published in 1771 before he was a member of the Society. He had received several copies of the second volume in 1786, the date of its publication (Sowerby, No. 3753 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

14. Interest was not charged for the eight years of the Revolutionary War.

15. English agriculturist Richard Parkinson (1748-1815) had been in the United States since 1798. TJ was on the list of subscribers for an expanded edition of Parkinson’s Experienced Farmer, first published in London in 1798 and Philadelphia in 1799 (see Parkinson, Of Turnip and Pea Fallows [Washington, D.C., 1801], Shaw-Shoemaker, No. 1093; Sowerby, No. 703 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

16. English inventor John Isaac Hawkins (1772-1855), “a very ingenious, modest and poor young man,” had invented a portable upright piano, “the prettiest improvement in the Forte piano I have ever seen” (TJ to MJR, 11 Feb. 1800). TJ bought a five and a half octave model for $264. The instrument delighted the Monticello family on its arrival in June, but soon demonstrated an inability to stay in tune and was returned to its inventor for repair or exchange. There is no record that TJ ever received a substitute instrument. Closely associated with Charles Willson Peale, Hawkins also invented a physiognotrace and the polygraph before returning to England in 1803 (Cripe, Jefferson and Music, p. 55-7, 74-5; Bedini, Thinkers and Tinkers, p. 398, 505 description begins Silvio A. Bedini, Thinkers and Tinkers: Early American Men of Science, New York, 1975 description ends ; Charles Coleman Sellers, Mr. Peale’s Museum [New York, 1980], p. 147, 153, 197-8).

17. On 17 Dec. 1799 James Oeller’s hotel on Chestnut Street had been destroyed by a fire which had started in Ricketts’ Circus next door (Historic Philadelphia, p. 324 description begins Historic Philadelphia from the Founding until the Early Nineteenth Century, ed. Luther P. Eisenhart, Philadelphia, 1953 description ends ).

18. TJ bought only the first two volumes of the four-volume Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon, published in Philadelphia in 1800 (Sowerby, No. 1558 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

19.  Journals of Congress (Philadelphia, 1800-1801), published by Richard Folwell (Evans, No. 38750). The first three of thirteen volumes covered the proceedings to 1 Jan. 1778. This may be No. 654 in Library Catalogue, 1829.

20.  Philip Freneau had established the triweekly Time Piece in New York in Mch. 1797. He retired as editor in Mch. 1798 and was eventually succeeded by Irish playwright John Daly Burk (c. 1775-1808), whose arrest for seditious libel in July, before the passage of the Sedition Act, led to the demise of the newspaper by Sep. 1798. After two years in hiding until the change of administrations, Burk settled in Virginia and wrote its history, with the help of material lent by TJ (Brigham, History, i, 695-6 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, p. 204-220 description begins James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties, Ithaca, N.Y., 1956 description ends ; Sowerby, Nos. 464, 560 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

21. James Lyon’s political fortnightly newspaper, Friend of the People, was published sporadically throughout 1800 in Richmond and then Georgetown (Brigham, History, i, 91, ii, 1140 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 554 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ; TJ to George Jefferson, 21 Feb. 1800).

22. TJ bought twenty copies of the Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly for the Dec. 1799 session, printed by James Carey in 1800. They dealt with the replies of other state legislatures to the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 (Carey invoice, 24 Feb. 1800, CSmH).

23. TJ stepped in to save TMR’s Varina property in Henrico County by advancing the money for a mortgage payment to Leroy & Bayard which had become due (TJ to George Jefferson, 4, 9 Mch. 1800; Jefferson to TJ, 11 Mch. 1800; TJ to TMR, 7 May 1800; Gaines, Randolph, p. 37-8, 44 description begins William H. Gaines, Jr., Thomas Mann Randolph, Jefferson’s Son-in-Law, Baton Rouge, La., 1966 description ends ).

24.  William Young was a shoemaker at 24 Chestnut Street (Phila. Dir. 1799 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

25. Possibly separate numbers of William Birch’s prints of Philadelphia (see note 30 below).

26. The American Mercury was a Republican weekly published by Elisha Babcock in Hartford, Conn. (Brigham, History, i, 19 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ). Connecticut Republican Gideon Granger (1767-1822) was appointed Postmaster-General by TJ in 1801.

27. TJ may have visited the gallery of Edward Savage (1761-1817) at 70 South Fourth Street. Here were displayed European paintings and prints and some of Savage’s own “American Historical Paintings taken from the most interesting subjects” (Philadelphia Aurora. General Advertiser, 4 Apr. 1800). It was probably about this time that TJ sat for Savage’s lost portrait (Bush, Life Portraits, p. 58-61 description begins Alfred L. Bush, “The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson,” Jefferson and the Arts: An Extended View, ed. William Howard Adams, Washington, D.C., 1976 description ends ).

28.  Robert Proud, The History of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1797-1798; Sowerby, No. 460 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

29.  Thomas Herty, A Digest of the Laws of the United States of America (Baltimore, 1800). This, with the second volume purchased 6 Oct. 1802, is No. 589 in the Library Catalogue, 1829 description begins Catalogue: President Jefferson’s Library, Washington, D.C., 1829 description ends (Evans, No. 37613 description begins Charles Evans, comp., American Bibliography, Chicago, 1903-1955 description ends ; Herty to TJ, 28 Dec. 1800).

30. TJ was a subscriber to William Russell Birch, The City of Philadelphia, which was published 31 Dec. 1800. It contained a map and twenty-seven engraved views of Philadelphia and cost $28.00 unbound and $41.50 if the plates were colored. According to Birch, TJ kept the book open on a sofa in the President’s House visiting room during his presidency (Martin P. Snyder, “William Birch: His Philadelphia Views,” PMHB, lxxiii [1949], 271-315; Sowerby, No. 4161 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

31.  John Gifford (i.e. John Richards Greene), The History of France (Philadelphia, 1796-1798), 4 vols., which included William Duane’s continuation of the history from 1793 (Evans, Nos. 30489, 32189-90, 33796 description begins Charles Evans, comp., American Bibliography, Chicago, 1903-1955 description ends ).

32. McAllister & Matthews made and sold spectacles, hardware, whips, and canes at 50 Chestnut Street. TJ continued to buy spectacles from John McAllister after the partnership dissolved in 1803 (Harrold E. Gillingham, “Old Business Cards of Philadelphia,” PMHB, liii [1929], 218-20).

33.  John Letchworth, one of Philadelphia’s leading makers of Windsor furniture, made these double-rail side chairs, which were shipped to Monticello. TJ’s sketch of one, virtually identical with one of Letchworth’s chairs illustrated in Hornor, Philadelphia Furniture, plate No. 470, is on his letter to George Jefferson, 19 July 1800 description begins William M. Hornor, A History of Philadelphia Furniture, Philadelphia, 1935 description ends ).

34. TJ subscribed for two years to the Boston Constitutional Telegraphe, a Republican semiweekly established in 1799 by Samuel S. Parker and published after Oct. 1800 by John S. Lillie (Brigham, History, i, 280 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 590 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

35. TJ was a subscriber to the Palladium: A Literary and Political Weekly Repository, established by William Hunter and William H. Beaumont in Frankfort, Ky., in 1798 (Brigham, History, i, 153-4 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 599 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

36. TJ and William Hamilton of the Woodlands had resumed their botanical conversations in April after a three-year hiatus, the unintentional consequence of the policy TJ adopted in the partisan atmosphere of 1797 of seeing socially only those who initiated contact with him (TJ to Hamilton, 22 Apr. 1800).

37. This was the first of three life portraits of TJ by Gilbert Stuart. TJ probably sat for it in Stuart’s Germantown studio in early May. Despite twenty years of negotiation TJ never received this lost portrait (Bush, Life Portraits, p. 61-4 description begins Alfred L. Bush, “The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson,” Jefferson and the Arts: An Extended View, ed. William Howard Adams, Washington, D.C., 1976 description ends ; David Meschutt, “Gilbert Stuart’s Portraits of Thomas Jefferson,” The American Art Journal, xiii [1981], 2-16).

38. This may have been a further contribution to James T. Callender, on whose behalf Stevens Thomson Mason once applied, according to TJ’s letter to James Monroe, 15 July 1802. Or, it may have been TJ’s first contribution to a subscription Mason was raising to pay the fines of other defendants under the Sedition Act. Charles Holt of the Bee had been convicted on 12 Apr. and Thomas Cooper on 24 Apr. (Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, p. 307-333, 373-84 description begins James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties, Ithaca, N.Y., 1956 description ends ; Mason to TJ, 11 July 1800; MB 10 Aug. 1800).

39.  Nathaniel Macon (1758-1837), Republican congressman from North Carolina and speaker of the House of Representatives from 1801 to 1807, carried TJ’s subscription money for the Raleigh Register, a Republican weekly established by Joseph Gales in Oct. 1799 (Brigham, History, ii, 774-5 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 586 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

40. Half Way House was about ten miles south of Richmond in Chesterfield County (Böÿe, Map of Virginia description begins Herman Böÿe, Map of the State of Virginia, 1825, corrected 1859, repr. in E. M. Sanchez-Saavedra, A Description of the Country: Virginia Cartographers and Their Maps, 1607-1881, Richmond, 1975 description ends ).

41.  Osborne’s, about thirteen miles south of Richmond in Chesterfield County, was the nearest point on the stage route to Mont Blanco, the residence of JWE and MJE. Here, the first stop in a round of family visits, TJ was met by Davy Bowles and his own carriage and horses. He and his daughter Maria then visited his recently widowed sister Mary J. Bolling at Chestnut Grove and the Francis Eppeses at Eppington before continuing their journey to Monticello (Böÿe, Map of Virginia description begins Herman Böÿe, Map of the State of Virginia, 1825, corrected 1859, repr. in E. M. Sanchez-Saavedra, A Description of the Country: Virginia Cartographers and Their Maps, 1607-1881, Richmond, 1975 description ends ; JWE to TJ, 22 Apr. 1800; TJ to MJR, 22 Apr. 1800).

42.  Davy Bowles, at this time a resident of Milton, was periodically engaged to carry out the duties formerly performed by TJ’s deceased coachman Jupiter on journeys to the federal capital (TJ to Richard Richardson, 31 Mch. 1800).

43.  Gabriel Lilly was Monticello overseer from 1800 to 1805, at an annual salary of £50, with an additional £10 for superintending the nailery. TJ found him, despite his illiteracy, a very able and reliable manager; in 1805, when Lilly demanded a wage of £100, TJ reluctantly replaced him. For good descriptions of a Monticello overseer’s duties in this period when most of TJ’s farming lands were leased, see TJ’s letters of 5 June 1805 to W. C. Nicholas and John Strode.

44.  Reuben Perry’s brother John M. Perry worked as a carpenter on TJ’s mills, the Monticello house and its outbuildings, and Poplar Forest from 1800 to 1811. He leased Shadwell in 1802 and 1803. Later one of Albemarle County’s leading citizens, Perry served as a magistrate, assembled large landholdings, and was the contractor for much of the building of the University of Virginia (Woods, Albemarle, p. 294-5 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ; Bruce, University of Virginia, i, 171-2 description begins Philip A. Bruce, History of the University of Virginia, 1819-1919, New York, 1920-1922, 5 vols. description ends ).

45. Correctly $160.25. Perhaps TJ considered the $3.70 as $3.07 when adding. The first direct tax ever imposed by the federal government had been enacted on 14 July 1798 to raise two million dollars during a period when war seemed probable. By taxing land and slaves but not other forms of property, this tax, whose “disgusting particularities” angered TJ, was in his opinion unfair to the southern states. All internal and direct taxes were abolished during TJ’s administration (U.S. Statutes at Large, i, 597-604, ii, 148-50 description begins The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America from the Organization of the Government in 1789 to March 3, 1845, ed. Richard Peters, Boston, 1848, 8 vols. description ends ; TJ to Edmund Pendleton, 29 Jan. 1799).

The Albemarle County lands on which TJ paid federal tax were: the 4,564 acres which included Monticello, Montalto, Tufton, Shadwell, Lego, Pantops, and the Southwest Mountain tract; the 222-acre Ingraham’s tract; the 196 acres on Henderson’s Creek; the 400-acre Hardware limestone tract (of which TJ owned a one-sixth share); the 400-acre Pouncey’s tract; and the 4-acre Limestone Creek tract (MB 13 Nov. 1772, legal notations, 5 Apr. 1774, cash accounts, 2 Aug. 1778, 24 Sep. 1801).

46. Thus in MS.

47. The Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia, the first fire insurance company in the south, was founded in Richmond by William Frederick Ast in 1795. TJ, who had considered insuring his buildings in 1796, refrained from participating until some of his objections to the plan were removed by amendments (TJ to Ast, [17] Sep. 1799; Ast to TJ, 10 May 1800). At this time the premiums, which varied according to building construction and location and averaged three percent of the property value, were to be paid only once. Periodic surcharges were soon found necessary, however, and annual premiums were instituted by 1809, when TJ began paying for the Monticello houses at the yearly rate of $12.84. Except for a brief cancellation in 1820, TJ maintained his policies with the Society until at least 1823 (MB 20 Apr. 1820). TJ’s declaration, still in the Society’s archives in Richmond, is reproduced in Kimball, TJ Architect description begins Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 1916, repr. New York, 1968 description ends , fig. 137, and the five policies, dated 4 Aug. 1801, are in MHi. The “Outchamber” is the south pavilion and the “Stone house,” then a workmen’s residence, is the structure presently known as the weaver’s cottage.

48. TJ’s slave Shepherd (b. 1782), son of Doll, had been a nailer before learning the shoemaking trade.

49. Initials on this chart stand for William Page, Thomas Jefferson, and John Wayles Eppes.

50. TJ’s friend and political associate James Barbour (1775-1842) of Orange County was at this time an attorney and member of the state legislature. His house at Barboursville, six miles west of present Gordonsville and now a ruin, was built according to a design TJ provided in 1817 (Kimball, TJ Architect, p. 186 description begins Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 1916, repr. New York, 1968 description ends ).

51.  John Holmes, a skilled housejoiner, had been engaged by Daniel Trump in Philadelphia to work on remodeling the Monticello house. He died as a result of a fall from a scaffold there on 14 Jan. 1801 (TJ to Trump, 21 Feb. 1801; MB 22 Jan. 1801).

52. Albemarle Old Courthouse, present Scottsville. Charlottesville became the Albemarle County seat in 1762.

53. TJ considered this payment, like that of 6 Sep. 1799, as a charity in the form of a subscription for fifty copies of the second volume of The Prospect Before Us (TJ to George Jefferson, 24 Oct. 1800). Callender was in Richmond jail, convicted 3 June 1800 of seditious libel for the first volume of the Prospect. As the defendant in the only southern trial under the Sedition Act of 1798 and as the victim of Justice Samuel Chase’s partisan conduct, Callender became a prominent Republican martyr in this politically tempestuous election year (Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, p. 334-58 description begins James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties, Ithaca, N.Y., 1956 description ends ).

54.  David and James Garland kept an ordinary in New Glasgow, Amherst County. Charles Edmunds’ ordinary was in present Nelson County (Amherst County Personal Property List, 1800, Vi). TJ had evidently been visiting Poplar Forest.

55. It is not known at whose funeral Rev. Hugh White (d. 1827), a Baptist minister, officiated (Woods, Albemarle, p. 178, 401 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ).

56.  Robert Terrell was renting some of William Short’s land (see MB 23 Nov. 1800).

57. In 1798 when TJ decided he was “not fit to be a farmer” using slave labor, he asked Stevens Thomson Mason to look out for tenants for his farms. As a result John H. Craven (d. 1845) came from Loudoun County and leased 500 acres of Tufton and Monticello and 45 slaves at an annual rent of £350 from Aug. 1800 until 1809. He settled in Albemarle County and accumulated large landholdings (TJ to Mason, 23 Nov. 1798, 27 Oct. 1799; Betts, Farm Book, p. 168-71 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends ; Woods, Albemarle, p. 173-4 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ).

58. TJ made the first of many journeys to the new national capital to carry out his final duties as presiding officer of the Senate. The outcome of the presidential election was then in doubt and TJ thought it best to arrive after President Adams’ address to the joint session of Congress. He went directly to Conrad and McMunn’s boarding house at the corner of New Jersey Avenue and C Street, close to the Capitol, and remained there until he moved into the President’s House on 19 Mch. 1801 (Malone, Jefferson, iii, 491-2 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ).

59. The grist mill built in 1783 by Thomas Walker, Jr., in northeastern Albemarle County still stands on State Route 231 a few miles southwest of present Gordonsville.

60.  The Cabinet was a daily newspaper established by James Lyon in Aug. 1800 at Georgetown and published there until at least Mch. 1801. It was revived briefly after merging with Lyon’s National Magazine in late 1801 (Brigham, History, i, 87 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 553 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).