28. TJ rented a piano until his departure for the south of France in the spring of 1787.

29. Correctly 186₶–12–6.

30. Au Petit Dunquerque on the Quai de Conti at the end of the Pont Neuf was perhaps the most celebrated shop in Paris and was one of the first to sell its “pretty toys, and handsome nothings” at a fixed price (Memoirs of the Baroness d’Oberkirch, ed. the Count de Montbrison [London, 1852], i, 277, ii, 228).

31. Correctly 287₶–16.

32. The financier Nicolas Beaujon (1718-1786) had recently built an elegant country residence inside the city, complete with English garden, dairy, chicken house, menagerie, windmill, chapel, and a magnificently furnished dwelling, La Chartreuse, designed by Nicolas Claude Girardin. Today all that remains are some columns from Girardin’s chapel which have been relocated near the original site on the grounds of the Fondation Salomon de Rothschild on the Rue Balzac (Thiéry, Guide, i, 56-60; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 55 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ).

33. A bird organ, also called a serinette, was a small barrel organ used to teach songs to birds.

34. TJ called Fortunatio Bartolomeo de Felice’s Code de l’humanité (Yverdon, 1778) “a very good dictionary of universal law” (TJ to James Madison, 18 Mch. 1785; Sowerby, No. 1416 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

35. TJ had acquired from Edmund Randolph “ten volumes of Buffon,” probably the quarto edition of Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (TJ to Randolph, 20 Sep. 1785; Sowerby, No. 1021 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

36. The porter and Stilton cheese were sent to Francis Eppes and Henry Skipwith (TJ to Alexander Moore, 24 July 1784; Moore to TJ, 28 Sep. 1784).

37. “2 pi[eds] 6 po[uces].” TJ had marble tops made for many of his pieces of furniture; the Packing List 1790 description begins Itemized invoice of Grevin, maitre layetier, 17 July 1790. DLC: William Short Papers description ends includes four mahogany tables, three gaming tables, and three chests of drawers, all with marble tops.

38. This sudden outburst of picture buying reflects TJ’s attendance at the auction of the art collection of Dupille de Saint-Séverin, held 21 through 26 Feb. in the present Rue de Turenne. TJ’s known purchases at the sale were a Prodigal Son, a Democritus and Heraclitus, a Saint Peter Weeping after Johann Carl Loth, a Magdalen Penitent after José de Ribera, and a Salome Bearing the Head of Saint John. The last painting, which the Saint-Séverin catalogue described as being after Simon Vouet, but which appears to be after Guido Reni, now hangs at Monticello (Frits Lugt, Répertoire des catalogues de ventes publiques [The Hague, 1938-1964], i, 2, 57; Catalogue of Paintings, Nos. 4, 22, 23, 34, 35 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Catalogue of Paintings &c. at Monticello,” c. 1815. ViU description ends ; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 40-1 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ).

39. About this time William Short left TJ’s household to live for a few months with a French family named Royer in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Short had been surprised on his arrival in Paris to find that TJ was not yet fluent in spoken French and so determined to seclude himself from English-speaking society in order to master the French language (Short to Savary de Valcoulan, 20 July 1786, DLC: Short Papers). For an account of Short’s connection with Saint-Germain, which he visited frequently during the next several years, see Yvon Bizardel and Howard C. Rice, Jr., “Poor in Love Mr. Short,” WMQ, 3d series, xxi [1964], 516-33).

40. This vehicle, after repairs and fitting up, cost 1,500 livres; it and a cabriolet bought in 1786 were sold together in 1790 for only 300 livres. Two further chariots and a second cabriolet TJ bought while in France were shipped, along with his American phaeton, to the United States in 1789 and 1790 (William Short to TJ, 7 July 1790; MB 4 Oct., 2 Nov. 1786, 26 Nov., 31 Dec. 1788).

41. These references to curtains, probably transcribed literally from the serrurier’s account, represent the hardware used in hanging them, not their purchase.

42. Correctly 335₶–17.

43. The rich collection of the Cabinet des Médailles et Antiques is still one of the principal attractions of the Bibliothèque Nationale, then called the Bibliothèque du Roi.

44. TJ refers to the Charles Willson Peale portrait commissioned by the state of Virginia in 1784 to serve as a guide to the sculptor engaged to produce a marble statue of George Washington; it is now in the Fogg Museum of Art, Cambridge, Mass. Well before the arrival of the portrait, which he considered “a tolerable painting, but a bad likeness,” TJ had decided that a statue derived from a painting would not be a true likeness and so Jean Antoine Houdon was sent to America to make his own portrait bust of the General (TJ to Thevenard, 5 May 1786; St. John de Crèvecoeur to TJ, 1 Sep. 1784; TJ to Benjamin Harrison, 12 Jan. 1785).

45. The original plans of Pierre Contant d’Ivry had been abandoned and the Church of the Madeleine was at this time being rebuilt according to designs of G. M. Couture based on the Parthenon. Models of both plans were on view at the construction site (Thiéry, Guide, i, 93-4 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ). The Madeleine was completed according to yet another design only in the early nineteenth century.

46. This may be a model of a simple wind-operated pump of which TJ made a sketch, indicating its scale in French (MoSHi).

47. The program of this concert included works by François Devienne and the Abbé Lepreux, several Italian vocal works, and a Haydn symphony (Journal de Paris, 3 Apr. 1785).

48. TJ at last saw Grétry and Sedaine’s immensely popular comic opera Richard Coeur de Lion, which had opened 21 Oct. 1784. The secondary piece was E. R. Duni and Louis Anseaume’s Les Deux Chasseurs et la laitière (Journal de Paris, 16 Apr. 1785).

49. This bill, reproduced in Papers, viii description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends , facing p. 87, was intended for the expenses of the statue of George Washington. TJ had planned to lodge the money with Ferdinand Grand, but instead kept it in his own hands and was thus able, over the next four years, to pay a number of miscellaneous demands for the state of Virginia without involving the banker. In 1789 1,934₶–4 of the original 8,957₶–11 still remained in TJ’s hands; his account with the state was finally settled in 1796 (TJ to Governor of Virginia, 15 Apr., 12 May 1785; TJ account with Virginia, 9 Dec. 1789, DLC; TJ to John Pendleton, 20 Mch. 1796; Pendleton memorandum, 28 Mch. 1796, Vi).

50.  Dupuis was an upholsterer in the Rue Saint-Honoré (Dupuis invoice, 21 June 1790, DLC: Short Papers). This was no doubt the final payment for the “blankets, hair, feathers &c.” of 29 Nov. 1784.

51. The Académie Royale de Musique occupied at this time a building on the site of the present Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin. A contemporary described the Opera as “extremely magnificent, mainly in its glittering decor and excellent ballet,” and it was these characteristics which accounted for the tremendous popularity of the production TJ saw, La Caravane du Caire by André Grétry. The librettists were Étienne Morel de Chefdeville and the Comte de Provence, later Louis XVIII (Karamzin, Letters, p. 197; Journal de Paris, 28 Apr. 1785 description begins N. M. Karamzin, Letters of a Russian Traveler, 1789-1790, New York, 1957 description ends ; Sowerby, No. 4567 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ). The extent of TJ’s attendance at the Opera and other spectacles cannot be gauged from MB entries alone; many of his friends, among them Madame de Corny, the Comtesse d’Houdetot, Chastellux, and Chalut de Verin, had permanent boxes at the Opera and customarily treated their dinner guests to a night at the theater (see [Ernest Boysse], Les Abonnés de l’Opéra 1783-1786 [Paris, 1881]).

52. This Ascension Day concert featured the works and performance of Italian violinist Maddalena Sirmen. Also on the program were works by Étienne Solère, Joseph Schuster, and the Abbé Lepreux, and symphonies by K. F. Abel and J.F.X. Sterkel (Journal de Paris, 5 May 1785; Mercure de France, 14 May 1785).

53.  Jean Antoine Houdon’s atelier and lodgings at this time were at the Paris Foundry near present Nos. 197-199 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré (Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 55 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ).

54. This is the wine paid for in July (MB 5 July 1785). Documents relating to TJ’s first encounter with internal duties are in MHi and DLC: TJ Papers, 2023-7 (Papers, viii, 94-5 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

55. This payment may have been for the visiting cards engraved with TJ’s new title: “Ministre Plenipotentiaire des Etats Unis d’Amerique” (Papers, viii, xxvii, and illustration facing p. 214 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

56. On 2 May 1785 TJ had received his commission to succeed Benjamin Franklin as minister plenipotentiary. On this date (17 May), according to the Mercure de France of 28 May, he had “une audience particuliere du Roi, pendant laquelle il présenta sa lettre de créance à S. M. Il fut conduit à cette audience, ainsi qu’à celles de la Reine et de la Famille Royale, par le sieur lalive de la Briche, Introducteur des Ambassadeurs; le sieur de Séqueville, Sécretaire ordinaire du Roi pour la conduite des Ambassadeurs, précédoit.”

57.  Jacques Guillaume Hammerville was a bookbinder in the Rue Chartière (Ernest Thoinan [pseud.], Les Relieurs Français 1500-1800 [Paris, 1893], p. 312).

58. TJ at last received his Watt letter copying press (TJ to Jean Holker, 20 May 1785; MB 16 Aug. 1784). Lair de Lamotte was Benjamin Franklin’s clerk.

59. TJ was fortunate in inheriting Adrien Petit from the Adams family, who had left Paris for London on 20 May 1785. Although Petit had been maître d’hôtel in the Adams household, he served TJ first as valet de chambre and was raised to the higher position on the departure of Marc in 1786 (William S. Smith to William Short, 18 July 1786, DLC: Short Papers; Abigail Adams to TJ, 6 July 1787; MB 26 June 1786). Petit, who was a native of the Champagne district, was so valued a servant that TJ later pressed him to join his household in Philadelphia (TJ to MJR, 8 May 1791).

60. This was perhaps Nicolas Derome le Jeune on the Rue Saint-Jacques, the most celebrated of the Derome family of bookbinders (Ernest Thoinan [pseud.], Les Relieurs Français 1500-1800 [Paris, 1893], p. 252-6).

61. TJ sent this new cipher, “prepared on a large and commodious plan,” to John Jay, James Madison, and James Monroe; it is Code No. 9 (TJ to W. S. Smith, 31 Aug. 1787; TJ to Monroe, 18 Mch. and 11 May 1785; TJ to Jay and Madison, 11 May 1785).

62. TJ saw Jean François de La Harpe’s tragedy Philoctète and Moliére’s comedy Amphitryon (Journal de Paris, 29 May 1785).

63. American explorer John Ledyard (1751-1789), who had just arrived in Paris, had been in Lorient seeking financial support for various schemes involving the northwest coast of North America. TJ took an active advisory role in Ledyard’s projects and contributed to his living expenses while he remained in Paris. Subsisting, as he put it, by the aid of “vice consuls, consuls, plenipotentiaries, ministers and whores of fortune,” Ledyard took up residence in Saint-Germain-en-Laye and often walked into the city to dine with Lafayette or “our minister who is a Brother to me” (Ledyard to Isaac Ledyard, 8 Aug. 1786, printed in Stephen D. Watrous, John Ledyard’s Journey through Russia and Siberia 1787-1788 [Madison, Wis., 1966], p. 102-7). See Watrous, especially p. 37-40 and 96, for an account of TJ’s role in Ledyard’s abortive attempt to reach the American west coast through Russia; TJ’s own account is in his autobiography (L & B, i, 101-2 description begins Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, “Memorial Edition,” Washington, D.C., 1903-1904, 20 vols. description ends ).

64. This is the date of TJ’s first extant press copy, TJ to Barré, 3 June 1785.

65. A part of the books purchased from Froullé was for James Madison, to whom in September TJ sent books worth 1,154 livres (TJ to Madison, 1 Sep. 1785).

66. Then, as now, one had to pay to sit in the chairs in Parisian public gardens. The Tuileries gardens were the most exclusive at this time and entry was denied to soldiers, servants, workers, and the poorly dressed (Karamzin, Letters, p. 183-4 description begins N. M. Karamzin, Letters of a Russian Traveler, 1789-1790, New York, 1957 description ends ; Thiéry, Guide, i, 395-402 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ). One of its main attractions for TJ was the view it provided of the Hôtel de Salm (now the Palais de la Légion d’Honneur), which was designed by Pierre Rousseau and under construction in this period (TJ to Madame de Tessé, 20 Mch. 1787; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 62 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ).

67. TJ was on his way to Sannois, ten miles northwest of Paris, for his first visit to Élisabeth Françoise Sophie de Lalive de Bellegarde, Comtesse d’Houdetot (c. 1730-1813), at her country seat. As he hoped, this acquaintance opened the “door of admission for me to the circle of literati with which she is environed,” and, although he never became the fixture in her salon that Franklin had been, he found her society one of the “most agreeable” in Paris (TJ to Abigail Adams, 21 June 1785; Webster, Papers, i, 377 description begins Charles M. Wiltse and Harold D. Moser, eds., The Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, Hanover, N.H., 1974-1976, 4 vols. description ends ; TJ to J. G. Hyde de Neuville, 31 Dec. 1811; Malone, Jefferson, ii, 16 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ). TJ left no comment on the Gothic basilica of Saint-Denis, nor the royal tombs and rich treasure within.

68. The Jardin du Roi, now the Jardin des Plantes, was at this time under the direction of Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788), whom TJ first met in Jan. 1786 (TJ to Van Hogendorp, 13 Oct. 1785; Buffon to TJ, 31 Dec. 1785; TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 3 Jan. 1786; Webster, Papers, i, 376 description begins Charles M. Wiltse and Harold D. Moser, eds., The Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, Hanover, N.H., 1974-1976, 4 vols. description ends ). For a contemporary description of the garden and its museum, the Cabinet du Roi, see Thiéry, Guide, ii, 172-84 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends .

69. Probably horse hire only (see MB 1 Sep. 1785 and succeeding payments to Gouyon).

70. This was probably Château Haut-Brion, which John Bondfield, American commercial agent at Bordeaux, customarily purchased for TJ until 1787, when TJ began dealing directly with vignerons. Half the wine was for Francis Eppes (TJ to Bondfield, 19 Dec. 1784, 20 May 1785; Bondfield to TJ, 19 Apr. 1785).

71. TJ may have been on his way to the Vincennes country seat of Anne César, Chevalier de La Luzerne (1741-1791), former French minister to the United States. Edward Bancroft later recalled discussing slavery with TJ and Luzerne’s uncle Malesherbes at dinner there (Bancroft to TJ, 16 Sep. 1788).

72. The large sum reflects the traditional Independence Day dinner given by the resident minister for all the Americans and some French “Americans,” like the Lafayettes, in Paris (Papers, viii, 257 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Adams, Diary, iv, 143-4 description begins Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, 4 vols. description ends ; MB 1 Aug. 1788).

73.  Jean Antoine Houdon’s bronze Diana Huntress, now in CSmH, belonged in 1785 to Girardot de Marigny, who lived in the Rue Vivienne (Trumbull, Autobiography, p. 99 description begins The Autobiography of Colonel John Trumbull, ed. Theodore Sizer, New Haven, 1953 description ends ). While in Paris TJ bought a small plaster copy of this work, an “exquisite peice of workmanship,” which he gave in 1792 to Joseph Hopkinson (TJ to Hopkinson, 23 June, 11 July 1792; Hopkinson to TJ, 29 June 1792). At some point TJ also considered purchasing large plaster replicas of Houdon’s Diana, Frileuse, and Écorché (see TJ memorandum, undated, DLC: 41899).

74. There were insufficient Virginia funds for the advance to Houdon, so TJ had Ferdinand Grand provide this sum from the United States account. By Jan. 1786, when American funds were depleted and Thomas Barclay had lodged a large sum with Grand for Virginia, TJ was compelled to authorize the use of Virginia funds for United States expenses. For TJ’s explanations of these “accomodations,” as he called them, see TJ to Commissioners of Treasury, 5 Aug. 1787, and “A diary of the accomodations of money between the US. and the state of Virginia at Paris as nearly as I can make it out,” undated, DLC: TJ Papers.

75. This is the first installment of a total payment of 25,000 livres, settled on 8 July 1785 as Houdon’s fee for making the pedestrian statue of George Washington for the state of Virginia. Including expenses of packing, shipment, and Houdon’s voyage to Mount Vernon, the total cost of the statue was well over 40,000 livres (TJ to Governor of Virginia, 11 July 1785; TJ account with Virginia, DLC: 8947-8; copy of Grand account with Virginia, 25 May 1793, Vi; “Houdon’s acct. of expences of his voyage to & from America,” Vi).

76. TJ called these books, received from retiring minister Benjamin Franklin, the “Corps diplomatique” (TJ to John Adams, 28 July 1785).

77. This may have been the engraving of Madison’s Cave for TJ’s Notes on Virginia (see next note).

78.  Philippe Denis Pierres (1741-1808) had completed the printing of two hundred copies of TJ’s Notes on Virginia on 10 May 1785. This payment may also cover the printing of TJ’s “Notes on Coinage” (TJ to James Madison, 11 May 1785; TJ to Charles Thomson, 14 July 1785; Malone, Jefferson, ii, 93-106 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ; Coolie Verner, A Further Checklist of the Separate Editions of Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia [Charlottesville, Va., 1950]).

79. A passport is reproduced in Papers, viii, facing p. 567 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

80. The demonstration of the “charrue cabestanière,” or, as Arthur Young called it, the “nonsensical plough to go without horses,” took place in the Enclos des Capucins on the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques (Journal de Paris, 30 Apr. and 8 Aug. 1785; Young, Travels, p. 131 description begins Arthur Young, Travels in France and Italy during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789, 1792, 1793, repr. London, 1942 description ends ). Although he took detailed notes on its operation, TJ also thought it “a poor affair.” Two men worked the windlass and guided the plow, but they had to be relieved at the end of each 224-foot furrow, and the method was suitable only for level ground (TJ to Ralph Izard, 26 Sep. 1785; Nichols, No. 147a, p. 3 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, ed. Frederick D. Nichols, 4th ed., Charlottesville, Va., 1978 description ends ; Bibliothèque Physico-Économique, instructive et amusante, Année 1786 [Paris, 1786], ii, 1-4).

81. The program of this concert included symphonies by Haydn and J. F. Reichardt and works by Cimarosa, Sarti, Sacchini, J. B. Krumpholz, and F. J. Gossec (Journal de Paris, 15 Aug. 1785).

82. This payment was for forwarding wine to John Adams in London (Plowden Garvey to TJ, 13 Aug. 1785). Jean Frédéric Perregaux (1744-1808) was a prominent banker on the Rue du Sentier (Thiéry, Guide, ii, 696 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ).

83. Perhaps Charles de Peyssonnel’s observations on the memoirs of the Baron de Tott (Sowerby, No. 301 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

84. This and subsequent large postage payments indicate the arrival of American newspapers. To avoid further such costs to the public, TJ immediately advised his correspondents to forward his newspapers through the office of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, John Jay (TJ to James Buchanan, 22 Sep. 1785; TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 25 Sep. 1785; Account with U.S. 1792).

85.  Daniel and Theodorick Fitzhugh, sons of William Fitzhugh of Marmion, Stafford County, Va., repaid this and a further loan in 1787 (MB 21 Dec. 1785; James Madison to TJ, 15 Feb. 1787).

86. TJ, who had resisted an earlier appeal for a loan, responded when David Franks was threatened with imprisonment; no record of repayment has been found. Franks was about to carry to London documents relating to the American mission to the Barbary powers (Franks to TJ, 17 June, c. 2 Sep. 1785, 8 Feb. 1790; TJ to Franks, 17 June 1785; TJ to John Adams, 4 Sep. 1785).

87. The lease, printed in Papers, viii, 485-92 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends , was for the Hôtel de Langeac, designed by Jean François Chalgrin and situated at the corner of the Champs-Elysées and the Rue de Berri. It had “a clever garden” and was close enough to the Bois de Boulogne for TJ to walk or ride there almost daily (TJ to Abigail Adams, 4 Sep. 1785; TJ to Madame de Corny, 30 June 1787). The rent was 7,500 livres per annum, which TJ succeeded in reducing to 6,000 livres in 1789. For descriptions of the hôtel, see Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 51-4 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends , and L’Hôtel de Langeac [Paris and Monticello, 1947]).

88. The optician Noseda had a shop at No. 93 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal (Journal de Paris, 26 Aug. 1788).

89. Probably gaufres, waffles.

90. If this is not an individual named Sabatier, TJ may have intended savetier, a cobbler, sabotier, a maker of wooden shoes, or sorbetière, ice cream freezer. In a memorandum on the French method of making ice cream, TJ spelled this last word “sabattiere,” “sabotiere,” and “sabottiere” (DLC: TJ Papers, 41868).

91.  Valentin Haüy (1745-1822), whose school for the blind was at this time in the Rue Coquillière, gave public demonstrations of his revolutionary methods of instruction. Philip Mazzei described his own visit to the school in his Life, p. 244-5; see also Thiéry, Guide, i, 434-5 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends , and Mercure de France, 7 May 1785. At some point TJ may also have visited the similar establishment for deaf-mutes of Charles Michel de L’Épée, whose book he owned (Sowerby, No. 1122 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

92. This is probably Charles Hicks, who had been a servant of Benjamin Franklin (William T. Franklin to André Limozin, 27 July 1785; Limozin to Benjamin Franklin, 9 Nov. 1785, PPAP: Franklin Papers).

93. TJ saw Blaise et Babet by Nicolas Alexandre Dezède and librettist Jacques Marie Boutet de Monvel and Lucile, a 1769 work of Grétry and Marmontel (Journal de Paris, 26 Sep. 1785; Sowerby, No. 4599 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

94. The venerable Parisian weekly Mercure de France was at this time under the direction of Charles Joseph Panckoucke. Its political editor was the anti-democratic Jacques Mallet Du Pan, whose treatment of American news TJ at least once attempted to counteract (TJ to Abigail Adams, 20 Nov. 1785; Hatin, Bibliographie, p. 24-6 description begins Eugene Hatin, Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse periodique française, 1866, repr. Turin, 1960 description ends ).

95.  John Bell’s “Travelling Poetic Library,” or The Poets of Great Britain complete from Chaucer to Churchill (Edinburgh, 1777-1784). All but one of the diminutive volumes from Martha’s set are now in ViU.

96. TJ saw Niccolo Piccinni’s best known opera, Didon (Journal de Paris, 9 Oct. 1785). TJ apparently never recorded his opinion of the still smoldering controversy between the partisans of Gluck and Piccinni, but he clearly favored the Italian style of the latter. Two of his three recorded visits to the Paris Opera were to hear Piccinni works. Jean François Marmontel, the leading Piccinnist and librettist of Didon, was a regular guest at TJ’s table, and TJ consulted Piccinni on the merits of the piano (Webster, Papers, i, 377 description begins Charles M. Wiltse and Harold D. Moser, eds., The Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, Hanover, N.H., 1974-1976, 4 vols. description ends ; TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 25 Sep. 1785).

97. The semiweekly Gazette de France, the official organ of the French ministry of foreign affairs, was edited at this time by Jean Gaspard Dubois Fontanelle (1737-1812) (Hatin, Bibliographie, p. 8-10 description begins Eugene Hatin, Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse periodique française, 1866, repr. Turin, 1960 description ends ). TJ forwarded this newspaper, as “the best in this country,” to John Jay (TJ to Jay, 17 June 1785; Account with U.S. 1792 description begins “Account with U.S. of America as their Minister Plenipotentiary in Europe. Exact copy as given in to the Auditor July. 1792” DLC: TJ Papers, 13286-94. See Papers, XXIV, 175-89. description ends ).

98. The Court followed the King to Fontainebleau every fall for a month. So that his talks with Vergennes on the tobacco farm would not languish, TJ also made the journey, but economic considerations dictated an abbreviated visit (TJ to John Adams, 10 Aug. 1785; TJ to James Madison, 28 Oct. 1785; TJ to John Jay, 2 Jan. 1786).

99. TJ had set out to walk to the highest point near Fontainebleau and gave this piece of silver, four times her daily wage, to a poor woman who accompanied him part of the way (TJ to James Madison, 28 Oct. 1785).

1. Malesherbes, sixteen miles southwest of Fontainebleau, was the country estate of “the most curious man in France as to his trees,” Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes (1721-1794). While Malesherbes was collecting for TJ the vines of the great French wine grapes, TJ imported American nuts and berries for his friend’s immense tree plantations (TJ to James Madison, 28 Oct. 1785, 20 June 1787; Malesherbes to TJ, 5 May 1786, 15 Sep. 1787; TJ to William Short, 29 Mch. 1787).

2. Masquerade balls were held at the Opera on Sunday nights throughout the winter. They began with a concert at eleven and dancing continued from midnight to six a.m. Dominoes and masks, rather than fancy dress, were customarily worn ([L. V. Thiéry], Almanach du Voyageur à Paris [Paris, 1783], p. 86; Journal of Miss Adams, i, 46-7 description begins Journal and Correspondence of Miss Adams, ed. [Caroline Amelia de Windt], New York, 1841-1849, 3 vols. description ends ). TJ’s two recorded evenings at the opera ball both occurred when the fun-loving William Stephens Smith was in Paris (MB 27 Feb. 1786; TJ to John Adams, 27 Nov. 1785).

3.  Jean Baptiste Nicolet’s petit spectacle on the Boulevard du Temple, known officially as Les Grands Danseurs et Sauteurs de Corde, combined broad farce and pantomime with rope dancing, tumbling, and ballet. For the evening’s program see Journal de Paris, 14 Nov. 1785 (Max Aghion, Le Théâtre à Paris au xviiie siècle [Paris, 1926], p. 259-65).

4. The thirty-two louis of 17 and 22 Nov. replaced £32–11 spent by John Adams to insure the life of Jean Antoine Houdon during his voyage to America (Adams to TJ, 24 Oct. 1785; TJ account with Virginia, DLC: 8947-8).

5.  Sanson came as valet de chambre, replacing Petit, who temporarily left TJ’s service to become maître d’hôtel in the household of a prominent Paris banker (Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 Dec. 1785, MHi: Adams Family Papers).

6. This bill, drawn by Houdon at Southampton on 27 July 1785, was a duplicate of that of 15 Aug. 1785. Ferdinand Grand paid it once only, on this date (Grand account with TJ, DLC: 14962).

7.  Bois de gravier was a superior grade of raftwood, or bois flotté.

8. The program of this concert included symphonies by Haydn, Abbé Sterkel, and Henri Riegel, and works of Anfossi, Sacchini, Viotti, Jean Lebrun, L. B. Desormery, and Florido Tomeoni. TJ had particular praise for the singing of Rose Renaud of the Comédie Italienne, a soloist in this and the Christmas concerts (Journal de Paris, 8 Dec. 1785; TJ to Abigail Adams, 27 Dec. 1785).

9. Although two TJ drawings of proposed alterations to the Hôtel de Langeac survive, it is unlikely that there were any major structural changes during his residence. The only items for which TJ was given credit on his réparations locatives were the coach house doors installed in 1787 and the bars and bells attached to the windows when robbery became a problem after the removal of the city gates from the adjacent Grille de Chaillot to the new wall. The numerous remaining payments to masons, carpenters, locksmiths, and the like, seem to indicate only minor work, such as the building of bookshelves and Venetian blinds and the installation of stoves, lighting fixtures, curtains, and bed hangings (Nichols, Nos. 247-8 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, ed. Frederick D. Nichols, 4th ed., Charlottesville, Va., 1978 description ends ; MB 17 Feb. 1787; TJ to Montmorin, 8 July 1789; William Short to TJ, 23 Dec. 1790).

10. TJ’s decision to hire a cook is interesting in light of the budget for reductions in expenses he prepared in the fall of this year (printed in Papers, viii, 591 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). How much of the added expense was the result of a larger scale of entertaining is not known, but it cost TJ almost twice as much to maintain his own kitchen—including the salaries of the cook and scullion, an average of 900 livres per month, compared to 500 livres per month for the traiteur.

11. TJ first wrote “plexichronometer.” For his description of this early metronome, purchased from its inventor, see TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 3 Jan. 1786 (Mercure de France, 17 June 1786).

12. The Abbé Arnoux, a Provençal by birth, was probably the “gentleman” who was collecting for TJ the vines of the best French table grapes (TJ to James Madison, 28 Oct. 1785). Like Franklin and the Adamses before him, TJ became intimate with the inseparable Abbés Arnoux and Chalut, who had a house at Passy and lived, when in Paris, with Chalut’s brother, fermier-général Geoffroy de Chalut de Verin (d. 1787), at No. 17 Place Vendome (Adams, Diary, iv, 59-60, 104 description begins Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, 4 vols. description ends ; Letters of Mrs. Adams, p. 190 description begins Letters of Mrs. Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, 4th ed., Boston, 1848 description ends ; Mazzei, Life, p. 292 description begins Philip Mazzei: My Life and Wanderings, trans. S. Eugene Scalia, ed. Margherita Marchione, Morristown, N.J., 1980 description ends ; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 22, 92; Yves Durand, Les Fermiers-généraux au xviiie siècle [Paris, 1971], p. 147, 458, 612).

13. Le Havre merchant André Limozin (d. 1789) was the American commercial agent at that port (TJ to John Jay, 20 Sep. 1787; Veuve Limozin to TJ, 2 July 1789).

14.  Gazaigner de Boyer, hoping to develop an American market for his wines, had sent this cask of red Gaillac to John Adams (Adams to TJ, 7 Aug. 1785; Gazaigner to Adams, 7 and 21 Apr. 1785, MHi: Adams Family Papers).

15. The Christmas concert began with a Haydn symphony and included works by Piccinni, Salieri, Tomeoni, Henri Riegel, and Rodolphe Kreutzer (Journal de Paris, 25 Dec. 1785).

16. The Musée de Paris on the Rue Dauphine was the site of a benefit concert for violinist Louise Gautherot, who performed works by Viotti, J. B. Davaux, and Josef Mysliveček. Also on the program were a Haydn symphony, a Mozart piano concerto, a Piccinni scène, and an air from Grétry’s recent Panurge dans l’île des lanternes (Journal de Paris, 17 May and 26 Dec. 1785; Sowerby, No. 4563 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).