To Benjamin Franklin from Giambatista Beccaria, 20 May 1771
From Giambatista Beccaria7
Translation8 of the Italian text printed in Giambatista Beccaria, Elettricismo artificiale... (Turin, 1772), pp. vii–viii.
Beccaria, after almost twenty years, revised and expanded his well known Dell’ Elettricismo artificiale, e naturale libri due... (Turin, 1753).9 He prefaced the new edition with the open letter printed below, which was a reply to the letter describing the armonica that Franklin had sent him a decade earlier.1 The relevance of that instrument to elettricismo artificiale is not obvious. But Franklin’s description had recently been published for the first time in English, and translated into Italian;2 the armonica was in the public eye, and Beccaria may well have wanted to use his connection with its inventor to advertise his new edition. In any case Franklin was so much impressed with the work that he helped to promote an English translation, which eventually appeared as A Treatise upon Artificial Electricity... (London, 1776).3
Turin 20. May 1771
I thank you, most excellent Sir, for the exact description of your new and really harmonious harpsichord with glasses, which you have sent me (to you it is given to enlighten human minds with the true principles of the electric science, to reassure them by your conductors against the terrors of thunder, and to sweeten their senses with a most touching and suave music); and if I were entitled to it I would thank you, in the name of Italy, for having given the appellation of armonica to your agreeable instrument, in consideration of our harmonious language. So far as I am concerned, I do not know how better to show you my gratitude for the many other marks of your kindness, than by sending to you this new product of my labor, and accompanying it with the wish that it may still be in keeping with your first opinion of it, as you were pleased to express it.
As for the length of this volume, I hope it will not tire you; for, apart from the common excuse that I have not had time enough to write with more brevity, I have preferred to reply rather than to repeat myself whenever a reply would serve to make the subject more clearly understood;4 and to tell the truth, I do not think that the quantity of the material that is assembled and simplified is disproportionate to the size of the work.
Nor will you be surprised that I conclude this book, too, with expressing the hope of having added further definitions to the theory; for you too teach well, by your example, how slowly and how little our senses proceed in the investigation of every little parcel of inexhaustible Nature. And how many refinements does not a science, however comprehensive, still lack today? We measure the paths of light, yet we do not know how it proceeds through them. We can define the order of the system of the world, yet we do not know the force which links its parts in a most divine way, etc.
But what would happen if further definitions of electrical matters produced another, different theory? The appearance of all that I have so far been able to see takes any such suspicion from my mind; still, even in such a case, the value of these works of mine, if indeed they have any, would subsist. The experimental data would remain the same; their connection and unity, far from crumbling, would improve.
I hear that you are preparing to go back to your country. Whether America or Europe possess you, preserve yourself to the world, to science, and the lovers of it. Wherever you may be, I shall always be the most devoted admirer of your great merit, etc.
7. For the professor of experimental physics at Turin see above, V, 395 n, and subsequent volumes.
8. The first translation was in the 1776 English edition of the work, but it was so faulty that we use another based on a rendering by Robert S. Lopez, Sterling Professor of History at Yale, to whom we are greatly indebted. Beccaria managed to be obscure in both his languages, Latin and Italian; where we are confident of his meaning we have brought it out by taking some liberty with the literal translation.
9. See above, V, 395, 428.
1. Above, X, 126–30.
2. Both in 1769; see ibid., p. 116 and n. 5.
3. See Antonio Pace, Benjamin Franklin and Italy (Philadelphia, 1958), pp. 58, 328.
4. Here we are not sure enough of Beccaria’s meaning to depart from a literal translation. But we believe he is trying to say that instead of reiterating what he had propounded in the first edition he was replying to subsequent criticism, perhaps by including the experiments and discoveries of the intervening years that supported his and BF’s theories.