Benjamin Franklin Papers

William Watson to the Royal Society, 20 December 1752

William Watson5 to the Royal Society

Printed in The Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions, XLVII (1751–52), 567–70.6

Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields, Dec. 20, 17527

Gentlemen,

After the communications, which we have received from several of our correspondents in different parts of the continent, acquainting us with the success of their experiments last summer, in endeavouring to extract the electricity from the atmosphere during a thunder-storm, in consequence of Mr. Franklin’s hypothesis, it may be thought extraordinary, that no accounts have been yet laid before you, of our success here from the same experiments. That no want of attention, therefore, may be attributed to those here, who have been hitherto conversant in these inquiries, I thought proper to apprise you, that, though several members of the Royal Society, as well as myself, did, upon the first advices from France, prepare and set up the necessary apparatus for this purpose, we were defeated in our expectations, from the uncommon coolness and dampness of the air here, during the whole summer. We had only at London one thunderstorm; viz. on July 20; and then the thunder was accompanied with rain; so that, by wetting the apparatus, the electricity was dissipated too soon to be perceived upon touching those parts of the apparatus, which served to conduct it. This, I say, in general prevented our verifying Mr. Franklin’s hypothesis: but our worthy brother Mr. Canton8 was more fortunate. I take the liberty, therefore, of laying before you an extract of a letter, which I received from that gentleman, dated from Spital-square, July 21, 1752.

“I had yesterday, about five in the afternoon, an opportunity of trying Mr. Franklin’s experiment of extracting the electrical fire from the clouds; and succeeded, by means of a tin tube, between three and four feet in length, fixed to the top of a glass one, of about eighteen inches. To the upper end of the tin tube, which was not so high as a stack of chimnies on the same house, I fastened three needles with some wire; and to the lower end was solder’d a tin cover to keep the rain from the glass tube, which was set upright in a block of wood. I attended this apparatus as soon after the thunder began as possible, but did not find it in the least electrified, till between the third and fourth clap; when applying my knuckle to the edge of the cover, I felt and heard an electrical spark; and approaching it a second time, I received the spark at the distance of about half an inch, and saw it distinctly. This I repeated four or five times in the space of a minute; but the sparks grew weaker and weaker; and in less than two minutes the tin tube did not appear to be electrised at all. The rain continued during the thunder, but was considerably abated at the time of making the experiment.” Thus far Mr. Canton.

Mr. Wilson9 likewise of the Society, to whom we are much obliged for the trouble he has taken in these pursuits, had an opportunity of verifying Mr. Franklin’s hypothesis. He informed me, by a letter from near Chelmsford in Essex, dated Aug. 12, 1752. that, on that day about noon, he perceived several electrical snaps, during, or rather at the end of, a thunder-storm, from no other apparatus than an iron curtain-rod, one end of which he put into the neck of a glass phial, and held this phial in his hand. To the other end of the iron he fasten’d three needles with some silk. This phial, supporting the rod, he held in one hand, and drew snaps from the rod with a finger of his other. This experiment was not made upon any eminence, but in the garden of a gentleman, at whose house he then was.

Dr. Bevis1 observed, at Mr. Cave’s at St. John’s gate, nearly the same phaenomena as Mr. Canton, of which an account has been already laid before the public.

Trifling as the effects here mention’d are, when compared with those, which we have received from Paris and Berlin, they are the only ones, that the last summer here has produced; and as they were made by persons worthy of credit, they tend to establish the authenticity of those transmitted from our correspondents.

I flatter myself, that this short account of these matters will not be disagreeable to you; and am, with the most profound respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient humble servant,

W. Watson

[Note numbering follows the Franklin Papers source.]

5On Watson, see above, III, 457 n.

6Headed “A Letter of Mr. W. Watson, F.R.S. to the Royal Society, concerning the electrical Experiments in England upon Thunder-Clouds,” and recorded as “Read Dec. 21, 1752.” Reprinted in the 1769 and 1774 editions of Exper. and Obser.

7By an obvious printer’s error the year in the date line is given as “1732” in Phil. Trans.

8John Canton (1718–1772), weaver’s apprentice at Stroud; schoolmaster at London; electrical experimenter; F.R.S., 1749; elected to the Society’s council, 1751; awarded the Copley Medal in 1751 and again in 1765. DNB.

9Benjamin Wilson (1721–1788), portrait painter, chemist, electrician; born in Leeds, where he received his first instruction in painting; moved to London as a youth and worked as a clerk before turning professional artist. He published the first of numerous treatises on electricity in 1746 and soon became recognized as one of the leading British authorities; F.R.S., 1751; Copley Medal, 1760. His controversy with BF on the respective merits of rounded and pointed lightning rods will receive considerable attention in later volumes of this series. DNB. His portrait of BF, painted in 1759, hung in BF’s home until carried off, 1778, by Major John André, who lived there during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Taken to Britain after André’s execution, it passed by inheritance into the hands of the fourth Earl Grey, governor general of Canada, who presented it to the President of the United States in 1906 (the Franklin Bicentennial Year); it is now in the White House Collection.

1John Bevis (1693–1771), M.D., astronomer; F.R.S., 1765; the British discoverer of the comet of 1744; participant in some of William Watson’s electrical investigations. DNB. The experiment here mentioned took place, August 12, at the establishment of Edward Cave (1691–1754), founder of Gent. Mag., and publisher of Exper. and Obser., and was reported by Bevis in Gent. Mag., XXII (1752), 383.

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