Thomas Jefferson Papers
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From Thomas Jefferson to Mawlay Sulayman, Sultan of Morocco, 20 December 1803

To Mawlay Sulayman, Sultan of Morocco

Dec. 20. 1803

Great & good friend

I learnt with great concern the acts of violence which took place between some vessels of your Majesty and of the United States, and with equal pleasure that you had promptly interposed & arrested the progress of the misunderstanding. this proof of your dispositions to remain in friendship with the US. is duly estimated on my part, and will be reciprocated on all occasions, by corresponding endeavors to preserve the peace & good understanding so happily subsisting between us.

Separated by a wide ocean from the nations of Europe, & under circumstances peculiar to ourselves, our practices & principles of intercourse are not always the same with theirs. all religions are1 equally free2 and independent here. our laws know no distinctions of country or of classes among individuals, and with nations our rule is justice and reciprocity. in these principles of justice & reciprocity was founded the treaty of peace & friendship concluded with your Imperial father, and recently recognised by your Majesty. in this recognition I willingly concur; promising that the stipulations of that treaty shall be faithfully observed on our part. We shall moreover avail ourselves of every occasion of performing good offices to your people, and of manifesting the cordial friendship and respect we bear to the person and character of your Imperial Majesty; and I pray god to have you, great & good friend, in his safe & holy keeping.

Done at Washington in the United States of America &c.

PrC (DLC); dated in ink; at foot of text: “The Emperor of Marocco.” Enclosed in Madison to James Simpson, 26 Dec. 1803 (Madison, Papers description begins William T. Hutchinson, Robert A. Rutland, J. C. A. Stagg, and others, eds., The Papers of James Madison, Chicago and Charlottesville, 1962- , 37 vols.: Sec. of State Ser., 1986- , 10 vols.; Pres. Ser., 1984- , 8 vols.; Ret. Ser., 2009- , 2 vols. description ends , Sec. of State Ser., 6:217-18).

1TJ here canceled “by [law] equals.”

2TJ interlined the remainder of this sentence and the sentence that follows in place of “here, and the honors and offices of government are equally open to all in them. from all nations justice & reciprocity, and [. . .] to them.”

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