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To George Washington from La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 25 July 1796

From La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

Phil. 25 July 1796

Sir

I should ought apologise for my Liberty in writing to you, when I am deprived from the advantage to be known of you, and when political considerations have made you thinking, I should not to be introduced to you, at my arrival in this country. but my apology for that liberty, shall be found in the motive of this Letter.

Unfortunate La fayette’s friends & relations send to me those two enclosed Letters, which he wished should be Communicated to me, & which I receive only now at my returning from the Southern States.1 those friends are wishing, I should present them to you; they wish I could converse with you about the ways to make end to the long and cruel captivity of that honest man. I know some persons, & namely generous dr Bolman, have discoursed with you on that subject.2 I know also, that, should La fayette’s name have not been pronounced to you by any, invariable constanc⟨y⟩ of your friendship to him, should never Let you forgetting his dreadful situation, and without thinking for the most proper way of being serviceable to the friend, whose you appreciate the merits, & whose you know the misery. However, so superflous it may be, I call your attention upon him, you will judge, that dut⟨y⟩ being prescribed to be, it should be a fault to me if I was to not acquit my self of it. and if my particular affection to La fayette, makes me looking at that duty as a more imperious one, you’ll excuse me for it. besides my Letter to you being yet unknown at every one, its inconveniency is limitated to the trouble youll have in reading of it. by Mrs Lafayettes Letter to gnl ferrary, youll see how barbarous is the rigor of the treatement she receives, ⟨mutilated⟩ treatement she received in robespierres prisons, during sixteen months, seems mild to her remembrance.3 you are, certainly acquainted, with the audience granted by the Emperor to Mrs de lafayette on her passage in Vienna. & you know, when she implored of him her husbands liberation Emperor answered to her, his own hands were tied up on that subject, and Mr De Lafs. liberation being out of his own power. you know Emperors ministers, less reserved a little, than their master had been, did pronounce to her that if His Imp. Maj. should be to grant Mr delaf.’ liberation even if the watch upon him to prevent his escape were Less rigourous, Emperor should then became object of diffidence to his own ally, the King of England: and you have, Sir, unquestionably concluded, with all of those who are acquainted with those authentical answers, that, the part of Lafy. conduct by which, his fetters have been forged, & are now daily rivetted, is not his participation to the french revolution, but only his participation to the American revolution, his unbounded devotion to the Cause of Liberty & independency of the United States. that is the very real crime never to be forgotten, by the King of England, and on account of which only la fayette is plunged in a dungeon.

youll read, sir in Laf.’ Letter to Mr bolman & huger how, Confident as he is in your friendship and in the kindness of american nation, he relys upon his title of american Citizen. youll read how, being by the circumstances deprived as he is from the ⟨illegible⟩ country, he depends firmly upon his right to be claimed by that to the Cause of which he ⟨had de⟩voted his youth, and which he has served with all his heart & means, and youll observe, Sir Laf. being ignorant, when he wrote that Letter, that a so honorable employment of his first years, is the ⟨unic⟩ motive of his actual Captivity, by which; if longer, his Life even shall be Lost. youll find, also, by that Letter how Confident he is in dr bolman’s active mind, & courageous generosity, proper, as he thinks, to help ⟨usefully⟩ your good ⟨sensations⟩ to him, and the interest of his fellow citizens.4

I should look at myself, as acting improperly, ⟨mutilated⟩ even hurting your feellings, if I was to urge you, Sir, either in the name of Lafes friends & relations, even as in his own to employ all the means you can, for ⟨mutilated⟩ his liberty and Life. the man, whom you have seen, embracing with a so compleat devotion, as your⟨self⟩, the Cause which places you among the greatest men, the man who should have expose his life, to make your safe, & to contribute to your glory, the man, whom you have judged deserving the title of your friends and to whom that honorable title seems the more precious ornament; the man whose the Son receives from you the proofs of a paternal affection, such man can not be unfortunate and you without employing youself very ⟨mutilated⟩ for making his misery to be terminated. and if political considerations, (which deepness I can not be judge of,) are to stop you, in the ⟨public⟩ proceedings, you & american nation who has adopted La fayette, could do with a so great ability in his favor, you are ⟨mutilated⟩ so miserable, as he is himself. I will per⟨mit myself⟩ only to repeat once more, that Lafes life, shall not resist to his captivity, if it is to be Longer and also that, if his cherissed wife, & childrens’ Company, are of great comfort to him in his gaol, the wiew of inhum⟨ane⟩ treatement they received for their devotion to him, is a continual subject of sorrow and despair to your frien⟨d⟩ Some words I have exchanged with Mr bolman on the berckley County’s road, Let me suspecting, those two Lett⟨ers⟩ could have been presented to you already: but I am n⟨ot⟩ sure enough of it, to ⟨illegible⟩ not risk to send you them on⟨ce⟩ more.

you should have yet read in the public papers, Mrs Laf. Letter printed. I should blame ⟨dissimulation⟩ by which I should ⟨illegible⟩ be prevented to ⟨Confess⟩ you, I did myself make that Letter published. in all parts of america, where I have travelled and I have been almost in all State of the Union, I heard Mr de Laf. name pronounced every where almost with so much of ⟨mutilated⟩ friendship & interest, as I heard your own pronounced with respect, admiration confidence & affection. that Letter’s publication seemed to me proper to keep alive the deserved disposition. and I did not see any inconveniency in it.5 very strange ⟨illegible⟩ both by my situation and mental disposition, from any political Circumstance, I am & never shall be so, stra nge to the duties of friendship. and should I be Less friend of Laf. than I am, I should look at me as obliged only by the duties of Humanity to ressemble all means in my power to alleviate his misery.

Sollicited to ⟨mutilated⟩ those Letters, I send them to his direction, without Letting him know I have the honor to write to you.6 I am Sir with the greatest respect for your eminent qualities your most humble & most obt ⟨servant⟩

La Roche⟨foucauld⟩ Liancourt

ALS, DLC:GW. A French text of this letter, drawn from a copy, was printed in Jean Marchand, ed., “Trois Lettres Inedites du Duc de Liancourt,” D’Histoire Diplomatique 44 (1930): 390–95. Where the ALS was illegible or mutilated, Marchand’s text guided the selection of words in angle brackets.

1La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt left Philadelphia for South Carolina on 24 March and returned on 20 July after travels in the southern states (see La Rochefoucauld, Voyage, description begins La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt. Voyage dan Les États-Unis d’Amérique, Fait en 1795, 1796 et 1797. 8 vols. Paris, 1799. description ends 4:2 and 5:123).

3Joseph Johann Graf Ferraris (1726–1814) served in the Austrian military and was vice president of the Aulic War Council, 1793–96.

An extract of Madame Lafayette’s letter to Ferraris, undated but probably written around January 1796, reads: “I am particularly greatful, for the regret you express at the impossibility of granting my requests. I made them in the first instance to the commanding officer of Olmuts, because his Imperial Majesty had told me to address myself to him—I made them in writing because I had no means of Seeing him.

“I Ask’d 1st permission to go to mass, because I ought to do everything in my power to go to it, on sundays and hollidays.

“2d To Be attended occasionally by a servant, because having learnt When at Vienna, that … Conventional prisoners, Who had servants, enjoyed here the Liberty of seeing them all the day long, I flattered myself that the same favor might be granted to me for some moments.

“I have also asked that Mr. de [Latour-]Maubourg and [Bureax] Depuzy might pass some hours With us, because in the different prisons of France, In Robespiere’s time (Where as you know, I have passed sixteen months) I was in the habit of Seeing the prisoners Communicate with each Others.

“I beg pardon, for having in this respect allowed my Confidence to carry me to far.

“I Confess with great pleasure that we agreed to participate all the rigours of Mr de La fayette’s prison, and that this was the only favor we applied for, Our sentiments are still the same, and we repeat With all our Hearts, that we are happier with Mr de la fayette, even in this prison, than we Should be any Where else Without him.

“To Justify, however, the liberty I have taken With you, I will remind you, Sir, that his Imperial Majesty in the Audience he was pleas’d to grant me, had the goodness to Say to me that ‘I should find Mr de la fayette very well treated, and that if I had any request to make, I should be well satisfied with the Commanding Officer.’

“I have also the honor of reminding you Sir, that his Imperial Majesty permitted me to write directly to himself and to Address my Letters to the prince of Rosemberg [Orsini-Rosenberg], and, as since we have been shut up I have been utterly deprive’d of the means of Writing to the Emperor, or even to Mr Rosemberg, I conceiv’d it my duty to address my requests to you, and beg you will excuse me, if they have appeared somewhat exaggerated to you” (DLC:GW).

4La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt sent GW a translation of Lafayette’s letter to Justus Erick Bollman and Francis Kinloch Huger written “with his own blood” in June 1795. Lafayette expressed “unbounded gratitude” at the men’s efforts on his behalf and his “distress” at their capture. He begged for news about his family, reported improved health, and asked that GW be informed of his situation. When interrogators asked his title, he answered “Citysen of america where my intention was to settle. When Called, upon my motives in my attempt for escaping, my answer was because my detention is injure, & my situation dreadful.” Lafayette fully supported Bollman. “I beg of all my friends to have a full confidence in him.” In a note at the end, La Rochefoucald-Liancourt begged GW’s pardon “for so incorrect a translation, but, if I should have made done by some more clever person I should not been so sure of the secrecy” (DLC:GW).

5The extract from Madame Lafayette’s letter to Ferraris was printed in The Philadelphia Gazette & Universal Daily Advertiser for 21 July and reprinted widely (see n.3 above).

6A translation, dated 27 July at Philadelphia, of La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt’s letter to George Washington Motier Lafayette reads: “your father’s friends send me from London two letters, inclosed here, which they ask me to forward to you, and of which they assure me that your mother desired communication should be made to me. …

“It is now unquestionably ascertained that your father is held in chains by the despotick will of the King of England: for you know that the Emperor’s Ministers have avowed it plainly to your Mother. …

“You are near the President: and your solicitation and tears, must have upon him, even upon his policy, a more influential effect, than any other application. A Son speaking for his father in the very country, which he has defended, which he has covered with his blood, and where he is beloved, can by no means be troublesome: and should his repeated entreaties be So, it would not be, in my opinion, a sufficient reason to discontinue them. On an interference of this country depends your father’s liberation.

“the case is no more now Lafayette victim of arbitrary powers and of the hatred which they bear to every friend of liberty: it is Lafayette in dungeon for his exertion in the cause of the American Independance: it is your respectable Mother and your unfortunate Sisters victims of their devotion to their father and treated with more indignity than they were in Robespierre’s prisons. or the Americans have strong reasons to remain unactive, or you may move their heart. Let it to be permitted to me to advise you to get in that respect over the extreme diffidence and modesty which Suit So well your age; to your incessant importunity your family may perhaps be indebted for its liberation: and who knows whether it is not now the only way from which it can be expected?” (DLC:GW).

GW replied to La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt on 8 August.

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