From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 18 July 1787
To Thomas Jefferson
Philada. July 18. 1787.
Dear Sir
I lately received & forwarded to Mr. Jno. Banister Jr. a packet which came from you under cover to me. I had an opportunity which avoided the charge of postage.
The Convention continue to sit, and have been closely employed since the Commence[me]nt of the Session. I am still under the mortification of being restrained from disclosing any part of their proceedings. As soon as I am at liberty I will endeavor to make amends for my silence, and if I ever have the pleasure of seeing you shall be able to give you pretty full gratification. I have taken lengthy notes of every thing that has yet passed, and mean to go on with the drudgery, if no indisposition obliges me to discontinue it. It is not possible to form any judgment of the future duration of the Session. I am led by sundry circumstances to guess that the residue of the work will not be very quickly dispatched. The public mind is very impatient for the event, and various reports are circulating which tend to inflame curiosity. I do not learn however that any discontent is expressed at the concealment; and have little doubt that the people will be as ready to receive as we shall be able to propose, a Government that will secure their liberties & happiness.
I am not able to give you any account of what is doing at N. York. Your correspondents there will no doubt supply the omission. The paper money here ceased to circulate very suddenly a few days ago. It had been for some time vibrating between a depreciation of 12. & of 20 PerCt. Its entire stagnation is said to have proceeded from a combination of a few people with whom the Country people deal on market days, agst. receiving it. The consequence was that it was refused in the market, and great distress brought on the poorer Citizens. Some of the latter began in turn to form Combinations of a more serious nature in order to take revenge on the supposed authors of the stagnation. The timely interposition of some influencial characters prevented a riot, and prevailed on the persons who were opposed to the paper, to publish their willingness to receive it. This has stifled the popular rage, and got the paper into circulation again. It is however still considerably below par, and must have recd. a wound which will not easily be healed.1 Nothing but evil springs from this imaginary money wherever it is tried, and yet the appetite for it where it has not been tried, continues to be felt.2 There is great reason to fear that the bitterness of the evil must be tasted in Virga. before the appetite there will be at an end.
The Wheat harvest throughout the Continent has been uncommonly fine both in point of quantity & quality. The crops of Corn & Tobo. on the ground in Virginia are very different in different places. I rather fear that in general they are both bad; particularly the former. I have just recd. a letter from Orange which complains much of appearances in that neighbourhood; but says nothing of them in the parts adjacent. Present my best respects to Mr. Short & Mr. Mazzei. Nothing has been done since my last to the latter with regard to his affair with Dorhman. Wishing you all happiness. I am Dr Sir Yr. Affee. friend & servt.
Js. Madison Jr.
RC (DLC). For the delivery of this letter to Jefferson, see Carrington to JM, 25 July 1787 and n. 1.
1. “The city has been much alarmed within a few days, by the paper currency of the state, having in great measure stopped circulating,” wrote “A Mechanic” in the Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer of 20 July 1787. He blamed the depreciation of the paper money on the writings of Pelatiah and Noah Webster and on the consumption of foreign goods. “Columbiadis” believed a conspiracy of brokers had caused paper money to cease circulating: “Reports are spread about town, that ‘a great number of you Brokers, went among the country people on Saturday-last, and persuaded them not to take any of our paper currency, as it would no longer pass in the stores,’ hoping by this means, to buy it up at a great discount; and then, when you have sufficient, to sell it to the mechanics and traders to pay their taxes” (ibid., 21 July 1787). Others blamed the “stagnation” on the negligence and irresponsibility of the state government (ibid., 23 July and 4 Aug. 1787). For other reactions to this incident, see ibid., 27, 28, 30 July, and 1 Aug. 1787.
2. For a favorable view of Pennsylvania’s paper currency, written before the incident described by JM, see the article by “S. T.” from the Pa. Packet, reprinted in the Pa. Gazette of 18 July 1787.