James Madison Papers
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To James Madison from Philip Turner, 27 June 1814

From Philip Turner

Newyork 27th. June 1814

Mr. Madison

There is no one feels more for the present administration and goverment than I do, your philosophie defence & faithfulness is equal to support you under all Abuse, there is a dam’d Crew in the world, & we cant help it, they must, be suffered to go to Hell their own way, here you find I have grown mad, I have fought several battles already, & hold myself in readiness to fight again, & go on with our undertakeing, at this critical Juncture of affairs, will it be tho’t best, to call the national assembly, or the senate only, for your consolation & assistance, will it be of any use, you know best, a Change of men & measures, Generals &c, called to acct, the blowing-out of our last years campaign in the manner it did, unaccounted for, will never be forgot, the secretry. of War is with you, was then on the spot, can certainly acct, for the same, our Generals have all disappeared, the Lord knows where, is there anything further to be done, (if so) it must be done by men that will execute the business, they are not to stand still & look on, I have seen enough of it; on the plains of Abraham before Quebec, in the days of Wolf & Montcalm both slain in a minute, & the battle won in the year 59, in 60, montreal & all canada Conquered by Genl. Amherst,1 this was all done by active moveing men, there is no warfare carried on any other way, but by the Bayonet, sword in hand & push, I have seen it, through the whole revolutionary war from the first action of Bunker-Hill to the Close, Warfare is an active business, & must be considered as such, or never executed. There is no department of the armies of the united states, wants a more particular attention paid to, in the appointment of its officers than the medical staff, I meddle with this business, because I know it, & believe it my duty; A reform from top to bottom, we want no physician nor surgn. Genl, at the pay of 2m.,5c.$, pr. annum,2 our late medical Board at Washington, Doctr. Tilton & others, have done nothing, of any public utility, whereby satisfaction in office, can be given. A New medical system for the Armies of the united states, a standing committee in Congress, two medical gentlemen of the senate, and three of the House of representatives, for the purpose of delineating Rules, & regulations, electing its officers &c &c. A Director Genl. of the first information, to superintend, and direct the affairs of the whole, occasionally as he may see fit, & necessary, at the pay of 100,$, pr. month, six rations pr. day, forage &c, a pay equal to the attention of any one. Two physicians & surgeons in Chief, both qualified in the various branches of physic & surgery, constant with the army, to see to the practice & govern the same, at the pay of 80,$, pr. month, six rations, forage &c, experienced, medical gentlemen of the first grade.

All these Gentlemen paid, for a less sum, than now paid, our surgn. Genl. Our apothecary Genl. (Doctr. Le.Baron) his constant attention, & services is equal to his pay &c. Six Hospital surgns. & twenty-four-mates, a surgeon & Mate to each Regiment, six surgns. & twenty-four-mates, to the six divisions, & twelve Battalions of Artillerist; so consolidated, which includes the surgns. & mates of the respective posts, a Number equal to answer every purpose we may stand in need of, a greater proportion than follows the armies of Europe. They must be experienced men, learned & skilful.

All Hospital, Regimental, Artillerist, or post surgns. pay—all alike, there can be no difference. All Mates pay, uniformly so, on the same footing, there is nothing to be said in favor of any one, otherwise.

The surgeons allowed to nominate their own assistants or Mates, they being perhaps, more able to Judge of their abilities, than Congress, or the War office possibly can be.

No Capital operations of surgery to be performed, but in presence of one of the leading surgeons.

A Diatetic arrangement, to be made out for the sick. The daily prescription Books, will acct. for the business done, expenditures &c &c.

Our reports, & returns, of the state of things, occasionally at the pleasure of Congress.

The medical Books provided by Congress, Cox’s dispensatory, Sydenham, revised & Corrected by Rush, Coopers surgery, with the addition of Pringle, on diseases of the army, is all we want.3

Now for myself, If the public wish me to Continue in service, I shall always be happy to serve them, in any capacity they may see fit to enrol me, on the list of appointments & commissioned, to the vacancy of Doctr. Le.Baron, our apothecary Genl,4 or to the first division of the two first Batallions of Artillerist, so consolidated; or one of the physicians & surgns. in Chief, to be provided for, one of the most necessary & useful appointments that can be made, I now wish the president to direct the secretry. of War, or Mr. Parker the first Clerk of the office, to see my Commission Issued and forwarded, I have been at this post for a number of years, ever since the days of Genl. Dearborn in the War office, appointed by letters repeatedly, By Docr. Eustis & Mr. Parker, yet never Commissioned, I have considred myself neglected, on this ground, not but what my letters have all been considred by our Commandants official, & practiced upon as such; advanced life for the garrisons, or posts, early life for the field. I am the presidents Obt, serv,t

Philip Turner

Shall, I be happy enough, to hear from the president on this subject.

All Hospital, Regimental, Artillerist, & post surgns. pay all alike, there can be no difference, not exceed sixty dollrs. pr. month &c, all Mates not less than forty-five dollrs. pr. month &c, Here we find the public better served, & for less money.

RC (DLC). Docketed by JM.

1Turner referred to the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, 13 Sept. 1759, in which British forces captured the city of Quebec. Both commanding generals, James Wolfe for the British and Louis-Joseph de Montcalm for the French, were mortally wounded. The following year, British armies under commander in chief Gen. Jeffery Amherst took Montreal (John Mack Faragher, ed., The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America [New York, 1990], 1, 17, 277).

2In 1814 salaries in the medical department of the army were $2,500 per year for the physician and surgeon general, $1,800 per year for the apothecary general, $75 per month for hospital surgeons, $60 per month for surgeons, $45 per month for surgeon’s mates, and $40 per month for hospital surgeon’s mates (Army Register to 1 June 1814 [Shaw and Shoemaker description begins R. R. Shaw and R. H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801–1819 (22 vols.; New York, 1958–66). description ends 33019], 78, 106–7).

3Turner referred to John Redman Coxe, The American Dispensatory, Containing the Operations of Pharmacy … Illustrated and Explained, according to the Principles of Modern Chemistry (Philadelphia, 1806; Shaw and Shoemaker description begins R. R. Shaw and R. H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801–1819 (22 vols.; New York, 1958–66). description ends 10222), of which revised editions were published in 1810, 1814, and 1818; to The Works of Thomas Sydenham, M.D., on Acute and Chronic Diseases; With Their Histories and Modes of Cure. With Notes, Intended to Accommodate Them to the Present State of Medicine, and to the Climate and Diseases of the United States, by Benjamin Rush, M.D. (Philadelphia, 1809; Shaw and Shoemaker description begins R. R. Shaw and R. H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801–1819 (22 vols.; New York, 1958–66). description ends 18714), which was reprinted in 1815; to either The First Lines of the Practice of Surgery: Being an Elementary Work for Students, and a Concise Book of Reference for Practitioners (Philadelphia, 1808; Shaw and Shoemaker description begins R. R. Shaw and R. H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801–1819 (22 vols.; New York, 1958–66). description ends 14776) or A Dictionary of Practical Surgery: Containing a Complete Exhibition of the Present State of the Principles and Practice of Surgery … with Notes and Additions, by John Syng Dorsey, M.D. (2 vols.; Philadelphia, 1810; Shaw and Shoemaker description begins R. R. Shaw and R. H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801–1819 (22 vols.; New York, 1958–66). description ends 19857), both by London surgeon Samuel Cooper, and reprinted in 1815 and 1816, respectively; and to John Pringle, Observations on the Diseases of the Army … with Notes, by Benjamin Rush, M.D. (Philadelphia, 1810; Shaw and Shoemaker description begins R. R. Shaw and R. H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801–1819 (22 vols.; New York, 1958–66). description ends 21145), reprinted in 1812.

4Francis LeBaron (1781–1829) served as apothecary general of the U.S. Army from 1813 to 1821, when the position was eliminated (Mary LeBaron Stockwell, comp., Descendants of Francis LeBaron of Plymouth, Mass. [Boston, 1904], 31; Mary C. Gillett, The Army Medical Department, 1818–1865 [Washington, 1987], 27–28).

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