78. The partners in the Williamsburg firm Norton & Beall were John Hatley Norton (1745-1797) and Samuel Beall (see John Norton & Sons, ed. Frances Norton Mason [Richmond, 1937]).

79. The mathematician Robert Andrews (c. 1747-1804) had recently been appointed private secretary to General Thomas Nelson (Emory G. Evans, Thomas Nelson of Yorktown [Williamsburg, Va., 1975], p. 67). In 1779 Andrews joined the faculty of the College of William and Mary as professor of moral philosophy, taking over the chair of mathematics in 1784. He represented Williamsburg in the House of Delegates from 1790 to 1799.

80. This theodolite, which TJ called “a most excellent one,” is probably the instrument made by Jesse Ramsden, presently in the Monticello collection (TJ to David Rittenhouse, 19 July 1778). With its inflationary purchase price scaled down, it appears in TJ’s list of “Mathematical Apparatus” (MHi) as “a Theodolite by Ramsden. The spirit level 2½ I. 26–5.” TJ used his new theodolite on 12 Nov. 1778 to measure angles at Monticello (Betts, Garden Book, p. 80 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Philadelphia, 1944 description ends ).

81. For the horse Crab, see Betts, Farm Book, p. 91 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends .

82. TJ purchased a “whole collection” of the Virginia Gazette description begins Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, 1751-1780, and Richmond, 1780-1781). Abbreviations for publishers of the several newspapers of this name, frequently published concurrently, include: D & H (Dixon & Hunter), P & D (Purdie & Dixon), R (Rind) description ends from the estate of the Rev. William Willie (d. 1776) of Sussex County (TJ to George Jefferson, 29 Oct. 1810; Sowerby, Nos. 535-7 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

83.  William Hunter, Jr., had replaced Alexander Purdie in 1774 as John Dixon’s partner in publishing the Virginia Gazette description begins Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, 1751-1780, and Richmond, 1780-1781). Abbreviations for publishers of the several newspapers of this name, frequently published concurrently, include: D & H (Dixon & Hunter), P & D (Purdie & Dixon), R (Rind) description ends .

84. TJ probably stayed with his friend James Currie (1745-1807), the prominent Richmond physician. Currie lived on Broad Street near Tenth Street opposite present City Hall (Blanton, Medicine in Virginia, p. 335-6 description begins Wyndham B. Blanton, Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century, Richmond, 1931 description ends ).

85. For a similar entry, see Betts, Garden Book, p. 71-2 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Philadelphia, 1944 description ends .

86. The plan for Monticello called for two four-column porticos (Nichols, Nos. 48, 125, 506 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, ed. Frederick D. Nichols, 4th ed., Charlottesville, Va., 1978 description ends ).

87. The “eye” is a small arched opening in a brickkiln through which fuel is passed to stoke the fire.

88. Jesuit’s or Peruvian bark, a medicinal bark of a species of Cinchona, had been used as a specific against intermittent or malarial fever since it was brought to Europe by Jesuit priests in the seventeenth century. TJ customarily resorted to it to quell his “periodical” headache (TJ to George Buchanan, 13 June 1790).

89. Jacob’s ladder is a type of lace.

90. TJ and nine of his neighbors, as the Albemarle Salt Company, had ordered two salt pans costing £180 from Isaac Zane’s Marlboro Iron Works in Frederick County. TJ’s share in the enterprise was £40 (Fee Book: Albemarle Salt Company account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ; TJ to Zane, 26 Feb. 1778). For the wartime scarcity of this indispensable food preservative and laws encouraging its production, see Hening, Statutes, ix, 122-6, 310-12, 533-5 description begins William Waller Hening, The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809-1823, 13 vols. description ends , and Revolutionary Virginia, iv, 13, 67, vi, 86-7 description begins Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, ed. Robert L. Scribner and others, Charlottesville, Va., 1973-, 7 vols. description ends .

91. These payments are in accordance with the subscription of Feb. 1777 by TJ and other Albemarle County citizens to provide an annual contribution to the Rev. Charles Clay, whose income had ceased with the suspension in 1776 of the act providing salaries for ministers of the established church (Papers, ii, 6-8 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). The Italian Philip Mazzei was confirmed as a member of the Rev. Mr. Clay’s congregation of St. Anne’s Parish and was named a churchwarden 14 Aug. 1778 (St. Anne’s Parish vestrybook, CSmH).

92. RJ lived at Snowden, the 1,327-acre farm he inherited from PJ. It was twenty miles south of Monticello in Buckingham County, directly across the James River from present Scottsville.

93.  Antonio Giannini, an Italian farmer from Lucca who had come to Virginia in 1773 with Philip Mazzei, worked on and off at Monticello as a gardener for several years (Mazzei, Life, p. 196, 198, 208 description begins Philip Mazzei: My Life and Wanderings, trans. S. Eugene Scalia, ed. Margherita Marchione, Morristown, N.J., 1980 description ends ; Fee Book: Giannini account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ). He settled in Albemarle County, bought land, and left many descendants (TJ to Charles Bellini, 24 Apr. 1799).

94. Manna, made from the exudate of several species of European flowering ash trees, is used medicinally as a gentle laxative, expectorant, and demulcent.

95. The Kingsland ferry crossed the James River from Henrico to Chesterfield County near the mouth of Kingsland Creek about ten miles southeast of Richmond.

96. Lucy and Rachael were not named in Jane Randolph Jefferson’s 1773 mortgage deed, which did, however, convey Belinda and little Sall and their “children not before named” (Betts, Farm Book, p. 8-9 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends ; MB 29 Sep. 1773). As Lucy and Rachael do not appear in TJ’s Farm Book description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Farm Book,” 1774-1826. Reproduced in facsimile in Betts, Farm Book. MHi description ends , he presumably respected his mother’s deeds of 1770. Jane Barbara (Barberry) Carr (1766-1840), the daughter of Dabney and Martha Jefferson Carr, married Wilson Cary of Richneck in 1782 (Fairfax Harrison, The Virginia Carys [New York, 1919], p. 111).

97. Neither the “great account book” nor the extract from it have been located.

98. Thomas Mann Randolph owned the famous stud Partner from 1772 to 1775, by which time he belonged to Robert Skipwith. The foal was probably Alfred (Virginia Gazette [P & D], 16 Apr. 1772, [D], 22 Apr. 1775 description begins Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, 1751-1780, and Richmond, 1780-1781). Abbreviations for publishers of the several newspapers of this name, frequently published concurrently, include: D & H (Dixon & Hunter), P & D (Purdie & Dixon), R (Rind) description ends ; MB 6 Nov. 1770, cash accounts; Betts, Farm Book, p. 91 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends ).

99. TJ attended the assembly from 4 May to 1 June (Fee Book: Treasury of Virginia account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ).

1.  William Finnie had been quartermaster general of the Virginia forces since 1775 (Revolutionary Virginia, v, 195, 430-31 description begins Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, ed. Robert L. Scribner and others, Charlottesville, Va., 1973-, 7 vols. description ends ).

2. TJ described the Acacia farnesiana as “the most delicious flowering shrub in the world” (TJ to TMR, 30 Mch. 1792; Betts, Garden Book, p. 77, 83 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Philadelphia, 1944 description ends ).

3. The foal, sired by Young Fearnought, was Orra Moor (Betts, Farm Book, p. 93 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends ).

4. As surveyor of Albemarle County, Anderson Bryan was required to pay one-sixth of his fees to the College of William and Mary, which since 1693 had acted as surveyor general of the colony. The responsibility for appointing county surveyors was vested first in the trustees of the College and, after 1729, in its president and masters. On 6 June 1773 TJ had been commissioned Albemarle County surveyor, but he apparently executed the duties of his office entirely through deputies. Presumably he was instrumental in obtaining the position for Bryan, who was county surveyor from at least Apr. 1774 until 1790 (Sarah S. Hughes, Surveyors and Statesmen: Land Measuring in Colonial Virginia [Richmond, 1979], p. 90, 96-8; Commission, Papers, i, 99).

5.  George Webb had been treasurer of Virginia since Jan. 1777.

6. Correctly “should have entered.”

7.  Samuel Abell (d. 1799) was a Williamsburg coachmaker.

8. At its recently concluded session the assembly had passed “An act for raising a regiment of Horse” (Hening, Statutes, ix, 449-51 description begins William Waller Hening, The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809-1823, 13 vols. description ends ; TJ to Richard Henry Lee, 5 June 1778).

9. Buck Island.

10.  Tom Shackleford (d. 1801) was a slave carter and driver inherited by TJ from John Wayles.

11. These individuals were probably William Bowen and a man named Kendrick (Fee Book: Stephen Willis account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ).

12. This was Mary Jefferson (1778-1804), also called Polly or Maria.

13. This child was Scilla (b. 1778), daughter of TJ’s slaves Nell and Quash. TJ gave Scilla and her children to MJE and JWE in 1797 (AlCDB, xii, 363-4 description begins Albemarle County Deed Books, Albemarle County Courthouse, Charlottesville, Va. description ends ).

14. This entry reflects the enactment by the Virginia Assembly in Jan. 1778 of a new scheme of taxation to raise funds for the prosecution of the war and to assist in the stabilization of public credit. Before 1778 the government had been mainly supported by annual levies on tithables, in other words, a poll tax paid at the colony, county, and parish levels. To existing fixed taxes on tithables, carriages, cattle &c., the new bill added a one-half percent tax on the assessed value of lands, slaves, horses and mules, plate, and even income from salaries and business profits. Thus TJ’s real and personal property in Albemarle County were assessed at £22,500. Additional laws were enacted to correct inequities in the method of assessment, but this comprehensive new system of taxation remained in force through the Revolution (Hening, Statutes, ix, 349-68, 468-9, 547-52 description begins William Waller Hening, The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809-1823, 13 vols. description ends ; P. S. Flippen, The Royal Government in Virginia [New York, 1919], p. 242-4; Robert A. Rutland, ed., The Papers of George Mason [Chapel Hill, N.C., 1970], i, 375-97; MB 20 May 1775, cash accounts, 12 June 1778).

A review of TJ’s landholdings reveals that in 1778 he owned 13,706½ acres in six counties and five lots in two towns, as follows:

15. TJ’s page number refers to MB 1 Sep. 1777.

16.  Jupiter had worked on “Shelby’s tombstone” (Fee Book: Rice account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ).

17. The physician John K. Read (1746-1805), a nephew by marriage of Benjamin Franklin, was living in Goochland County at this time. In Jan. 1778 the assembly had amended the act which had virtually eliminated inoculation against smallpox in Virginia since 1770 (Blanton, Medicine in Virginia, 284-7, 344-6 description begins Wyndham B. Blanton, Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century, Richmond, 1931 description ends ; Hening, Statutes, viii, 371-4, ix, 371-3 description begins William Waller Hening, The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809-1823, 13 vols. description ends ).

18. TJ inherited James Hemings (1765-1801), the son of the slave Betty Hemings, from John Wayles, James’ alleged father. This mulatto slave of great ability served TJ for a number of years as a body servant. In 1784 TJ took him to France to learn the art of cookery, and he acted as TJ’s chef de cuisine in Paris, Philadelphia, and at Monticello from 1787 until 1796, when he became free. His emancipation was conditional upon his training his brother Peter as a cook. Little is known of James’ short life as a freedman; he apparently became addicted to drink and died a suicide in 1801 (Betts, Farm Book, p. 15-16 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends ; for a detailed account of James Hemings’ life, see Curator’s Report 1977, p. 13-20 description begins Report of the Curator to the Board of Trustees of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Charlottesville, Va., 1958- description ends ).

19.  Edward Carter and Peterfield Trent had dissolved their partnership in 1774 (Virginia Gazette [P & D], 17 Feb. 1774 description begins Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, 1751-1780, and Richmond, 1780-1781). Abbreviations for publishers of the several newspapers of this name, frequently published concurrently, include: D & H (Dixon & Hunter), P & D (Purdie & Dixon), R (Rind) description ends ).

20. TJ had planted thirty-two umbrella trees (Magnolia tripetala) on the preceding day (Betts, Garden Book, p. 79 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Philadelphia, 1944 description ends ). These trees are abundant near the Rockfish River in present Nelson County.

21.  Gaspara (d. 1798) and Carlo Bellini (1735-1804), Florentine friends of Philip Mazzei, had arrived in Virginia in 1774. They lived as TJ’s neighbors at Colle until 1778, when TJ obtained for Bellini the clerkship for foreign correspondence for the government in Williamsburg. Shortly afterward, when TJ instigated the reorganization of the College of William and Mary, Bellini became the first professor of modern languages in an American college and lived in Williamsburg for the remainder of his life (Mazzei, Life, p. 199-200 description begins Philip Mazzei: My Life and Wanderings, trans. S. Eugene Scalia, ed. Margherita Marchione, Morristown, N.J., 1980 description ends ; Papers, ii, 181-2, 198 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Frank B. Evans, “Carlo Bellini and His Russian Friend Fedor Karzhavin,” VMHB, lxxxviii [1980], 338-54).

22. Perhaps from a concern for his wife’s health, TJ remained at Monticello for most of the fall session of the House of Delegates, which had opened on 5 Oct. He first attended on 30 Nov. in the custody of the sergeant of arms, Freeman Eppes, and was ordered discharged after paying fees (JHD, Oct. 1778, p. 4, 90 description begins Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Richmond, 1827-1828. Cited by session. description ends ).

23. TJ purchased imperial folio first editions of James Gibbs, A Book of Architecture, published in London in 1728, and The Designs of Inigo Jones, published by William Kent in 1727 (Sowerby, Nos. 4217-18 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

24.  Benjamin Harrison (1743-1807), son of Nathaniel Harrison of Brandon, was a member of the House of Delegates from Prince George County (Norfleet, Saint-Mémin, p. 171 description begins Fillmore Norfleet, Saint-Mémin in Virginia: Portraits and Biographies, Richmond, Va., 1942 description ends ). Harrison was evidently unable to procure an elk for TJ’s park (MB 19 Dec. 1778).

25.  John Tyler (1747-1813) of Greenway, Charles City County.

26. By interfering in this case involving Jerman Baker, John Randolph’s trustees, and Farell & Jones, and by depositing the proceeds of the judgment in the loan office, the executors of John Wayles succeeded only in incurring lengthy court proceedings in the 1790s. In payment of a debt to Farell & Jones, Baker had given Randolph’s bond for £241–14–5 to Wayles, who was attorney for the Bristol merchants. Their representatives later charged that TJ’s deposit of the proceeds in the loan office afforded “a strong presumption” that Wayles had received money for the bond and that he, rather than Randolph, was responsible to Farell & Jones for its value. In Nov. 1798 the case of William Jones’ executors v. Wayles’ executors was decided in favor of the defendants (Vi: Ended Cases, U.S. Circuit Court; Papers, xv, 672, 675).

27. By an act of May 1777, a state Loan Office was established in Williamsburg to borrow money for the prosecution of the war. The “Act for Sequestering British Property,” drafted by TJ and passed in early 1778, contained a provision which was part of an effort to stabilize the currency and increase the flow of funds into the Loan Office. It allowed Virginia citizens to pay off their British debts in depreciated currency, with the state assuming responsibility for discharging the debt as if the payment had been made in hard currency. This provision was repealed in May 1780 and the Treaty of Paris and post-war court decisions made the payments into the Loan Office between 1778 and 1780 invalid as a discharge of British debts. The Virginia treasury eventually repaid the money, at its true hard currency value and with interest, to the original depositors (Hening, Statutes, ix, 286-9, 377-80 description begins William Waller Hening, The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809-1823, 13 vols. description ends ; Isaac S. Harrell, Loyalism in Virginia [Durham, N.C., 1926], p. 80-3, 127-30, 171-3; Papers, ii, 168-71 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; MB 21 May 1779, 29 Nov. 1799).