James Madison Papers
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Thomas Jefferson in Council to Samuel Huntington, 16 December 1779

Thomas Jefferson in Council
to Samuel Huntington

RC (NA: PCC, No. 71, I, 307–9). In the hand of a clerk, except for Jefferson’s signature.

Wmsburg Decr. 16. 1779.

Sir1

We have information from our Delegates in congress that the detention of some continental arms by the executive of this State during the course of the last summer has given considerable umbrage to congress.2 I beg leave therefore, thro’ you Sir, to lay before that honorable body facts, simply as they occurred, hoping that these will satisfy them that, the arms being justly due to this State, necessity alone dictated the measure, and that no sentiment of disrespect to congress entered into the transaction. This State in an early part of the present contest raised at first two, and soon Afterwards seven Battalions for its particular defence, finding however that the dangers of our being invaded became less, our legislature made a tender of these Battalions for the continental Service. the tender was accepted of by congress only on condition that We would permit them to carry their Arms with them.3 They were accordingly marched to the grand army, time after time,4 as we could get them armed. I think this condition was dispensed with as to two Battalions only which congress, induced by their increasing wants of men, permitted to march on with out their arms. This is one of the Articles of Debit in our Account of Arms against the continent, which I State particularly, in order to bring it into recollection with some of your honorable members; and because, being recollected, it will go far in our justification as to the number of arms retained with us. Since this however, at different times, and for different corps, many Smaller parcels of arms have been Sent to congress by us.5 It is a fact, which we are to lament, that, in the earlier part of our Struggles, we were so wholly occupied by the great Object of establishing our rights, that we Attended not at all to those little circumstances of taking receipts, and vouchers, keeping regular accounts, and preparing subjects for future disputes with our friends. if we could have supported the whole continent, I believe we should have done it, and never dishonored our exertions by producing accounts; sincerely assured that, in no circumstances of future necessity or distress, a like free application of any thing theirs would have been thought hardly of or would have rendered Necessary an appeal to Accounts. hence it has happened that, in the present case, the collection of vouchers for the arms furnished by this State has become tedious and difficult. Our board of War has been Attending to this business a considerable time, but have as yet authenticated the loan of only 5664 Stand of Arms and 580 rifles. they seem however to believe that (exclusive of considerable numbers delivered where no receipts were taken and the Officers to whom delivered are dead or not to be found which of course we shall lose) they will be able to establish a right to 10,000 Stand. These arms were most of them of the very best quality, imported from Great Britain, by the State, for its own use. After the loan of so many to the continent, the loss of a considerable number put into the hands of the militia during the Short invasion of the last Spring,6 many of which we were never able to recover, and a very recent Loan of 1000 Stand, to be sent on, at the request of congress, to South Carolina,7 we were reduc[ed] to not more than 3000 Stand in all our Magazines. Rumors were Spread of an intended invasion by the enemy for the purpose of rescuing the convention Troops; that body of men were in the heart of our Country under a guard not able to furnish centinel[s] for ordinary duty; congress had just recommended to us to prepare for the most immediate and most vigorous operations, and to have our militia ready to march at the Shortest warning;8 the knolege of the low State of our magazines had by some means got abroad, and Spread a general alarm among our people: in this Situation of things a vessel, loaded with arms, seemed to be guided by the hand of providence into one of our harbours.9 they were it’s true the property of our friends, but of friends indebted to us for those very articles. they were for the common defence too, and we were a part of the Body to be defended. an Officer came for the purpose of removing them out of the State. would circumstances have permitted a previous application to congress, tho’ not present myself I so thoroughly know the respect which the executive bears for Congress, that I am safe in affirming that such an Application would most certainly have been made. But had they awaited that ceremony, the arms would have been gone: the continent of course would have been at the expence, & the arms exposed to the injury, and risk, of a double transportation: for I cannot but take for granted that congress would on such an Application, in the case of a State So reduced in her magazines, and reduced by Loans to them, have ordered the arms to be replaced.10 time however did not Admit of this ceremony; the executive therefore retained 5000 Stand. We shall not draw examples of similar liberties taken by other States; we shall never recapitulate aids granted to, or taken by our brethren, from the common Stock, because we wish it to be freely used for their service, and to draw nothing from it for ourselves unless our distresses should at any time be such as to point us out to them as objects needing the common Aid. But we will observe in general, that, between congress and this State, similar freedoms in other articles, had been repeatedly and mutually taken, on many former occasions and never had been the cause of discontent to either party. This precedent then, Strengthened by the existence of an actual Debt, seemed to give a Double sanction to the executive for what they did: nor did any instance occur to them of unreadiness at any time to spare freely on continental requisition any articles within their possession or power, which might expose them to experience in turn the disregard of congress. I flatter myself therefore that that honorable Body whenever this matter shall be the subject of their deliberations will be of opinion that the proceedings of the Lieutenant Governor and council were substantially justifiable. they hope that no want of ceremony, or other smaller circumstance, may have been matter of Offence to congress. if in this they should be mistaken, feeling the most real respect for that body, impressed with the Idea that its authority can never be wounded without injury to the present union, they are to lament the misapprehension & wish to remove it by assuring you, as they may with truth, that no sentiment of theirs, either on this, or any other occasion, has justified it. A motive of duty and respect to the collective council of our union has led me into this detail to remove all ground of discontent from among us, and to Assure you Sir at the same time that I shall consider as occasions of manifesting my zeal for our sacred cause, those which shall occur of proving how sincerely

I am Sir their and your most Obedient and most humble Servant

Th: Jefferson11

1Samuel Huntington (1731–1796) was a member of the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1784, and its president in 1779–1781 and 1783. He was governor of Connecticut from 1786 to 1796.

2After the Continental Board of War wrote to claim the weapons, Lieutenant Governor John Page replied on 28 August 1779 that the Council of State had directed the Virginia Board of War to “retain 5000 Stand of the said Arms, and place them to the Credit of the United States in part of the Arms so furnished.” This was justified by “the defenceless Condition of our Country, the want of the Arms, with which the united States have been furnished by this Common Wealth” (H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Official Letters of Virginia Governors, II, 37). After deliberating upon this letter, a committee of Congress urged that body to declare that Virginia “had no right to detain the Arms imported on account and for the use of the United States, as thereby the safety and welfare of these States may be essentially endangered.” The committee further recommended that Congress make known to the governor and council of Virginia that their action, if acquiesced in, would establish “a precedent that might hereafter operate to the manifest injury of the United States.” Nevertheless, the committee tempered its report by suggesting that “the 5000 stand of Arms detained by the Board of War of the State of Virginia by order and direction of the Lt. Govr. and council of the said State be permitted to remain in said State and that the State of Virginia be charged therewith.” Read in Congress on 20 October, this report was then recommitted and apparently no further action was ever taken on it (Journals of the Continental Congress, XV, 1190–91). The Virginia delegates in Congress probably informed Jefferson of the tenor of the report shortly after it was submitted. Evidently he delayed his reply until the state’s Board of War had collected the data needed to defend the council’s action.

3The condition imposed by Congress on the state was reflected in this resolution of 25 March 1776: “Resolved, That the three colonial battalions of Virginia be also on the pay and at the expence of the continent, as soon as they shall be armed fit for service, and accordingly mustered” (ibid., IV, 235).

4Meaning “from time to time.”

5As recently as 13 April 1779 Congress had requested and received the loan of one thousand arms from Virginia. Arms had also been asked of the state on 13 March 1777 (ibid., VII, 173; XIII, 444; XIV, 623).

6See above, Henry to Jay, 11 May 1779 and notes.

7See above, n. 5.

8On 29 September 1779 Congress had recommended that the Virginia executive “superintend the stationing and safe keeping of the convention troops, in case any invasion shall be made on that State” (Journals of the Continental Congress, XV, 1126).

9Possibly it was the privateer “General Washington,” which arrived at Alexandria from Brest with a British privateer sloop captured off the coast of North Carolina. In the Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Dixon and Nicolson) of 24 July 1779, the cargo of the “General Washington” was advertised for sale (Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, XVI [1908], 176–77; Boyd, Papers of Jefferson description begins Julian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (16 vols. to date; Princeton, N.J., 1950——). description ends , III, 37).

10In the report complaining of Virginia’s action in keeping the arms, the committee declared that the proper course for the state to follow was “to apply to Congress for the Arms they wanted for the use of that State, And whether there had or had not been Arms due from the United States to the State of Virginia, yet Congress, from the disposition they have ever manifested to render every assistance to the several States in the Union, would have been willing on the present occasion to gratify the State of Virginia. Provided such request could have been complied with, without manifest injury to the U. S.” (Journals of the Continental Congress, XV, 1191).

11This letter was read in Congress on 13 January 1780 but apparently was never answered (ibid., XVI, 54).

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