[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]

In obedience to the order of the House of Representatives, of the ninth day of August last,35 requiring the Secretary of the Treasury to prepare and report, on this day, such further provision as may, in his opinion, be necessary for establishing the public credit

The said Secretary

Respectfully reports

That the object, which appears to be most immediately essential to the further support of public credit, in pursuance of the plan adopted during the last session of Congress,36 is, the establishment of proper and sufficient funds, for paying the interest which will begin to accrue, after the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety one, on the amount of the debts of the several States, assumed by the United States; having regard at the same time, to the probable, or estimated deficiency in those already established, as they respect the original debt of the Union.

In order to this, it is necessary, in the first place, to take a view of the sums requisite for those purposes.

The amount, which has been assumed, of the State Debts is	Dollars 21,500,000
The sum of annual interest upon that amount, which, according to the terms of the proposed loan, will begin to accrue after the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety one, is	Cents Dollars  788,333.33
The estimated deficiency, in the funds already established, as they respect the original debt of the United States, is	38,291.40
Making together	Dollars.  826,624.7⟨3⟩

For procuring which sum, the reiterated reflections of the Secretary have suggested nothing so eligible and unexceptionable, in his judgment, as a further duty on foreign distilled spirits, and a duty on spirits distilled within the United States, to be collected in the mode delineated in the plan of a bill, which forms a part of his report to the house of Representatives, of the ninth day of January last.37

Under this impression, he begs leave, with all deference, to propose to the consideration of the House—

That the following additions be made to the duties, on distilled spirits, imported from foreign countries, which are specified in the act making further provision for the payment of the debts of the United States,38 namely—

On those of the first class of proof therein mentioned	⅌ Gallon. eight Cents
On those of the second class.	⅌ Gallon eight & a half Cents
On those of the third class.	⅌ Gallon nine Cents
On those of the fourth class.	⅌ Gallon ten Cents
On those of the fifth Class.	⅌ Gallon ten Cents
On those of the sixth class.	⅌ Gallon fifteen Cents

And that the following duties be laid on spirits distilled within the United States, namely—If from molasses, sugar or other foreign materials; and of the first class of proof …

	⅌ Gallon Eleven Cents
— Of the said second Class of proof	⅌ Galln. twelve Cents
— Of the said third Class of proof	⅌ Galln. thirteen Cents
— Of the said fourth Class of proof	⅌ Galln. fifteen Cents
— Of the said fifth Class of proof	⅌ Galln. Twenty Cents
— Of the said sixth Class of proof	⅌ Galln. Thirty Cents

If from materials of the growth or production of the United States distilled within any city, town or village; and

— Of the said first class of proof	⅌ Gallon nine Cents
— Of the said second class of proof	⅌ Galln. ten Cents
— Of the said third class of proof	⅌ Galln. eleven Cents
— Of the said fourth class of proof	⅌ Galln. thirteen Cents
— Of the said fifth class of proof	⅌ Galln. seventeen Cents
— Of the said sixth class of proof	⅌ Galln. twenty five Cents

And upon each still employed in distilling spirits from the like materials in any other place than a city, town or village, in lieu of the rates above mentioned, the yearly sum of sixty Cents, for every gallon english wine measure of the capacity of such still, including its head; exempting nevertheless all such stills, within a certain defined dimension, as are used essentially for domestic purposes of their respective proprietors.

The product of these several duties (which correspond in their rates with those proposed in the report above referred to, of the ninth of January last) may, upon as good grounds as the nature of the case will admit, prior to an experiment, be computed at Eight hundred and seventy seven thousand and five hundred Dollars; the particulars of which computation are contained in the statement which accompanies this report.

This computed product exceeds the sum which has been stated as necessary to be provided, by fifty thousand eight hundred and seventy five Dollars, and twenty seven Cents; an excess, which if it should be realised by the actual product, may be beneficially applied, towards increasing the sinking fund.

The Secretary has been encouraged to renew the proposition of these duties, in the same form, in which they were before submitted, from a belief, founded on circumstances, which appeared in the different discussions of the subject, that collateral considerations, which were afterwards obviated, rather than objections to the measure itself, prevented its adoption, during the last session; from the impracticability, which he conceives to exist of devising any substitute equally conducive to the ease and interest of the community; and from an opinion, that the extension of the plan of collection, which it contemplates, to the duties already imposed on wines and distilled spirits, is necessary to a well grounded reliance on their efficacy and productiveness.

The expediency of improving the resource of distilled spirits, as an article of revenue, to the greatest practicable extent, has been noticed upon another occasion. Various considerations might be added to those, then adduced, to evince it. But they are too obvious to justify the detail. There is scarcely an attitude, in which the object can present itself, which does not invite, by all the inducements of sound policy and public good, to take a strong and effectual hold of it.

The manner of doing it, or in other words, the mode of collection, appears to be the only point, about which a difficulty or question can arise. If that suggested be liable to just objections, the united information and wisdom of the legislative body ensure the substitution of a more perfect plan.

The Secretary, however, begs leave to remark, that there appear to him two leading principles; one, or the other, of which, must necessarily characterise whatever plan may be adopted. One of them makes the security of the revenue to depend chiefly on the vigilance of the public officers; the other rests it, essentially, on the integrity of the individuals, interested to avoid the payment of it.

The first is the basis of the plan submitted by the Secretary; the last has pervaded most, if not all the systems, which have been hitherto practiced upon, in different parts of the United States. The oaths of the dealers have been almost the only security for their compliance with the laws.

It cannot be too much lamented, that these have been found an inadequate dependence. But experience has, on every trial, manifested them to be such. Taxes or duties, relying for their collection on that security, wholly, or almost wholly, are uniformly unproductive: And they cannot fail to be unequal, as long as men continue to be discriminated, by unequal portions of rectitude. The most conscientious will pay most; the least conscientious, least.

The impulse of interest, always sufficiently strong, acts with peculiar force in matters of this kind; in respect to which a loose mode of thinking is too apt to prevail. The want of a habit of appreciating properly the nature of the public rights renders that impulse, in such cases, too frequently an overmatch for the sense of obligation: And the evasions, which are perceived, or suspected to be practiced by some, prompt others to imitation, by the powerful motive of self defence. They infer, that they must follow the example, or be unable to maintain an advantageous competition in the business; an alternative very perplexing to all but men of exact probity, who are thereby rendered in a great measure victims to a principle of legislation, which does not sufficiently accord with the bias of human nature. And thus the laws become sources of discouragement and loss to honest industry, and of profit and advantage to perjury and fraud. It is a truth, that cannot be kept too constantly in view, that all revenue laws, which are so constructed, as to involve a lax and defective execution, are instruments of oppression to the most meritorious part of those, on whom they immediately operate, and of additional burthens, on the community at large.

The last effect is produced in two ways: The deficiencies in the funds (which, in the main, afford only partial exemptions) must be supplied from other taxes: And the charges of collection, which, in most cases, are nearly the same, whether a tax, or duty yield much or little, occasion an accumulation of the ultimate expence of furnishing a given sum to the Treasury.

Another, and a very serious evil, chargeable on the system opposite to that proposed, is, that it leads to frequent and familiar violations of oaths; which, by loosening one of the strongest bands of society, and weakening one of the principal securities to life and property, offends not less against the maxims of good government and sound policy, than against those of religion and morality.

It may not be improper further to remark, that the two great objections to the class of duties, denominated excises, are inapplicable to the plan suggested. These objections are: First The summary jurisdiction confided to the officers of Excise; in derogation from the course of the common law, and the right of trial by jury. And, secondly, the general power vested in the same officers of visiting and searching indiscriminately the houses, stores and other buildings of the dealers in excised articles. But by the plan proposed, the officers to be employed are to be clothed with no such summary jurisdiction, and their discretionary power of visiting and searching is to be restricted to those places, which the Dealers themselves shall designate, by public insignia or marks, as the depositories of the articles, on which the duties are to be laid. Hence, it is one of the recommendations of the plan, that it is not liable to those objections.

Duties of the kind proposed are not novel in the United States; as has been intimated in another place. They have existed to a considerable extent, under several of the State Governments, particularly in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. In Connecticut, a State exemplary for its attachment to popular principles, not only all ardent spirits, but foreign articles of consumption, generally, have been the subjects of an excise, or inland duty.

If the supposition, that duties of this kind are attended with greater expence in the collection, than taxes on land, should seem an argument for preferring the latter, it may be observed, that the fact ought not too readily to be taken for granted. The state of things in England is sometimes referred to as an example on this point. But, there, the smallness of the expence, in the collection of the land tax, is to be ascribed to the peculiar modification of it; which proceeding, without new assessments, according to a fixed standard, long since adjusted, totally disregards the comparative value of lands and the variations in their value. The consequence of this is an inequality, so palpable and extreme, as would be likely to be ill relished by the landholders of the United States. If in pursuit of greater equality, accurate periodical valuations, or assessments, are to afford a rule, it may well be doubted, whether the expence of a land tax will not always exceed that of the kind of duties proposed.

The ingenious, but fallacious hypothesis, that all taxes on consumption fall finally, with accumulated weight, on land, is now too generally and too satisfactorily exploded, to require to be combated here. It has become an acknowleged truth, that in the operation of those taxes, every species of capital and industry contribute their proportion to the revenue; and, consequently, that as far as they can be made substitutes for taxes on lands, they serve to exempt them from an undue share of the public burthen.

Among other substantial reasons, which recommend, as a provision for the public Debt, duties upon articles of consumption, in preference to taxes on houses and lands, is this: It is very desireable, if practicable, to reserve the latter fund for objects and occasions, which will more immediately interest the sensibility of the whole community, and more directly affect the public safety. It will be a consolatory reflection, that so capital a resource remains untouched, by that provision; which, while it will have a very material influence, in favour of public credit, will be also conducive to the tranquility of the public mind, in respect to external danger, and will really operate as a powerful guarantee of peace. In proportion as the estimation of our resources is exalted in the eyes of foreign nations, the respect for us must increase; and this must beget a proportionable caution neither to insult nor injure us with levity. While on the contrary, the appearance of exhausted resources, (which would perhaps be a consequence of mortgaging the revenue to be derived from land, for the interest of the public debt) might tend to invite both insult and injury, by inspiring an opinion, that our efforts to resent or repel them were little to be dreaded.

It may not be unworthy of reflection, that while the idea of residuary resources, in so striking a particular, cannot fail to have many beneficial consequences; the suspension of taxes on real estate can as little fail to be pleasing to the mass of the community; and it may reasonably be presumed, that so provident a forbearance on the part of the Government will ensure a more chearful acquiescence on that of the class of the community, immediately to be affected; whenever experience and the exigency of conjunctures shall dictate a resort to that species of revenue.

But in order to be at liberty to pursue this salutary course, it is indispensable, that an efficacious use should be made of those articles of consumption, which are the most proper and the most productive; to which class distilled spirits very evidently belong: And a prudent energy will be requisite, as well in relation to the mode of collection, as to the quantum of the duty.

It need scarcely be observed, that the duties on the great mass of imported articles have reached a point, which it would not be expedient to exceed. There is, at least, satisfactory evidence, that they cannot be extended further, without contravening the sense of the body of the Merchants; and though it is not to be admitted, as a general rule, that this circumstance ought to conclude against the expediency of a public measure; yet, when due regard is had to the disposition, which that enlightened class of citizens has manifested towards the National Government, to the alacrity with which they have hitherto seconded its operations, to the accommodating temper, with which they look forward to those additional impositions on the objects of Trade, which are to commence with the ensuing year, and to the greatness of the innovation, which, in this particular, has already taken place, in the former state of things: there will be perceived to exist the most solid reasons against lightly passing the bounds, which coincide with their impressions of what is reasonable and proper. It would be, in every view, inauspicious to give occasion for a supposition, that trade alone is destined to feel the immediate weight of the hand of government, in every new emergency of the Treasury.

However true, as a general position, that the consumer pays the duty; yet it will not follow, that trade may not be essentially distressed and injured by carrying duties, on importation, to a height, which is disproportioned to the mercantile capital of a country. It may not only be the cause of diverting too large a share of it from the exigencies of business; but as the requisite advances to satisfy the duties will, in many, if not in most cases precede the receipts, from the sale of the articles, on which they are laid, the consequence will often be sacrifices, which the merchant cannot afford to make.

The inconveniencies of exceeding the proper limit, in this respect, which will be felt every where, will fall with particular severity on those places, which have not the advantage of public banks; and which abound least in pecuniary resources. Appearances do not justify such an estimate of the extent of the mercantile capital of the United States, as to encourage to material accumulations on the, already considerable, rates of the duties, on the mass of foreign importation.

Another motive for caution, on this point, arises from the reflection, that the effect of an important augmentation, made by a law of the last session, is hitherto a mere matter of speculative calculation, and has not yet even begun to be tried.

It is presumeable, too, that a still further augmentation would have an influence, the reverse of favourable to the public credit. The operation would be apt to be regarded as artificial, as destitute of solidity, as presenting a numerical increase, but involving an actual diminution of revenue. The distrust of the efficacy of the present provision might also be accompanied with a doubt of a better substitute hereafter. The inference would not be unnatural, that a defect of other means, or an inability to command them, could alone have given birth to so unpromising an effort to draw all from one source.

A diversification of the nature of the funds is desireable on other accounts. It is clear that less dependence can be placed on one species of funds, and that too liable to the vicissitudes of the continuance, or interruption of foreign intercourse, than upon a variety of different funds formed by the union of internal with external objects.

The inference, from these various and important considerations, seems to be, that to attempt to extract wholly from duties on imported articles, the sum necessary to a complete provision for the public debt would probably be both deceptive and pernicious, incompatible with the interests, not less of revenue than of commerce: That resources of a different kind must of necessity be explored: And that the selection of the most fit objects is the only thing, which ought to occupy inquiry.

Besides the establishment of supplementary funds, it is requisite to the support of the public credit, that those established should stand upon a footing which will give all reasonable assurance of their effectual collection.

Among the articles enumerated in the act making further provision for the payment of the debt of the United States, there are two, Wines and Teas, in regard to which some other regulations, than have yet been adopted, seem necessary for the security of the revenue and desireable for the accommodation of the merchant.

With these views, it is submitted, that the term for the payment of the duties on wines be enlarged, as it respects Madeira wines, to eighteen months, and as it respects other wines, to nine months; and that they be collected on a plan similar to that proposed in relation to imported distilled spirits.

And that a third option (two being allowed by the present law)39 be given to the importers of teas; which shall be, to give bond without surety for the amount of the duty in each case, payable in two years, upon the following terms:

The teas to be deposited at the expence and risk of the importer in store houses to be agreed upon between him and the proper officer of the revenue; each storehouse having two locks, the key of one of which to be in the custody of the importer, or his agent, and the key of the other of which to be in the custody of an officer, whose duty it shall be made to attend, at all reasonable times, for the purpose of deliveries.

These deliveries, whether for home sale, or for exportation to a foreign Country, to be warranted by permits from the chief officer of inspection of the place.

If for home sale, the permits to be granted after the duties shall have been paid, or secured to be paid.

When the amount of the duties shall not exceed one hundred Dollars, four months to be allowed for payment. When it shall exceed one hundred Dollars, and not exceed five hundred Dollars the term of payment to be eight months; and twelve months whenever the amount shall exceed five hundred Dollars; provided that the credit shall in no case extend beyond the period of two years originally allowed for the intire sum. If the duties on the whole quantity deposited shall not have been paid, or secured to be paid, before the expiration of that time, it shall be lawful for the proper officer to cause a sale to be made of so much as shall be sufficient to discharge what shall remain unsatisfied. In every case, it shall be, at the option of the party applying for the permit, either to pay the amount of the duties on the quantity to be delivered, or to give bond for it, with one or more sureties, to the satisfaction of the officer, whose province it shall be to grant the permits.

If the deliveries are to be made for exportation, the permits to be granted upon bond being entered into to secure and ascertain the exportation. This may require some alterations of form, in the manner of proceeding, relatively to the exportation of this article.

All Teas to be landed under the care of the Inspectors of the revenue; the chests and other packages containing them to be marked; and certificates, which shall accompany them, to be granted, as in the case of distilled spirits.

To these more direct expedients for the support of public credit, the institution of a National Bank presents itself, as a necessary auxiliary. This the Secretary regards as an indispensable engine in the administration of the finances. To present this important object in a more distinct, and more comprehensive light, he has concluded to make it the subject of a separate report, which he begs leave herewith to submit No. II.40

All which is humbly submitted