To John Adams from Richard Cranch, 22 January 1790
From Richard Cranch
Boston Jany. 22d 1790.
My dear Brother
This will be delivered to you by my esteemed Friend Mr. Nathan Reed, who was a very worthy Tutor to your eldest Son, and to mine, when at the University. He is a Gentleman whose acquaintance with the Principles of Natural Philosophy and the Mathematicks is very extensive, and he is more particularly well versed in the application of those Principles to the purposes of constructing usefull Machines.1 And he appears to me to have such a natural Turn and original Genious that way, as, if encouraged, may prove of very great advantage to the Publick. He has exhibited to the Academy a number of Drafts of Machines of his invention or improvement, which, having been [ca]refully examined by their standing Committee, have been highly approved; and Mr. Reed is now desirous of submitting them to the Examination of Congress by such a Committee as they may please to honour him with for that purpose; hoping that if any of them should be approved, he may be so happy as to obtain a Patent, or such other encouragement as may enable him to carry them into execution for the publick Benefit. Our good Friends Doctr. Holyoke,2 Doctr. Tufts and several other learned Members of the Academy have expressed their approbation of several of Mr. Reed’s Inventions and Improvements, in a Paper by them subscribed, and given to him, which I wish you would read as containing my Sentiments also.
I heartily recommend Mr. Reed to your Notice and Friendship, and am, with Sentiments of highest Esteem and Affection, your obliged Brother
Richard Cranch
[Ple]ase to give my best Regards to Sister Adams and your whole Family. We are all well at Braintree Weymo. &c.
RC (Adams Papers). Some loss of text due to the removal of the seal and a torn manuscript.
1. Nathan Read (1759–1849), Harvard 1781, of Warren, Mass., petitioned Congress on 8 Feb. for “an exclusive privilege for constructing” his mechanical inventions, which included improvements on the steam engine. Members of the House referred Read’s request to a committee which on 16 Feb. presented a bill “to promote the progress of the useful arts.” The bill passed both houses of Congress, after minor amendments, by 5 April. George Washington signed the Patent Act five days later, ushering in a new system for American inventors to retain ownership of their innovations. The act established a patent board, first manned by Thomas Jefferson, Gen. Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph, that reviewed all citizens’ proposals for “any useful Art, Manufacture, Engine, Machine or Device, or any improvement therein not before known or used.” Applicants paid between $4 and $5 to process submissions, which included a drawing or model of the invention. Under the act, the State Department held the power to issue patents extending to fourteen years.
Read broadened the scope of his application in subsequent petitions of 16 and 23 April; all proved unsuccessful, as a number of inventors competed to dominate the new steam-engine industry. He pressed on with additional inquiries, and in April 1791 the board “agreed to grant patents to all the claimants of steam-patents . . . without taking it upon themselves to ascertain whether those claimants were really the inventors, as they severally alleged in their petitions.” Read’s patent was issued on 26 Aug. (; , 1:271–272, 277–278, 282; 3:288–289; David Read, Nathan Read: His Invention . . . of the True Mode of Applying Steam-Power to Navigation and Railways, N.Y., 1870, p. 111, 113, 115–116).