1. See n.8 below.

2. Neither Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln’s letter to Woodford of 17 March nor the “private letters” have been identified.

3. French military engineer Ferdinand Joseph Sebastian de Brahm, then in Charleston, S.C., recorded in his journal entries for 13 and 21 March: “The enemy took possession of the land on Ashley River opposite the town, constructed a battery near the mouth of Wappoo . …

“21st.—The English fleet passed the bar” (Gibbes, Documentary History description begins R. W. Gibbes, ed. Documentary History of the American Revolution: Consisting of Letters and Papers Relating to the Contest for Liberty, Chiefly in South Carolina . . .. 3 vols. 1853-57. Reprint. Spartanburg, S.C., 1972. description ends , 2:124). For British and Hessian accounts of operations near Charleston in later March, see Gruber, Peebles’ American War description begins Ira D. Gruber, ed. John Peebles’ American War: The Diary of a Scottish Grenadier, 1776–1782. Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1998. description ends , 350–55; Lydenberg, Robertson Diaries description begins Harry Miller Lydenberg, ed. Archibald Robertson, Lieutenant-General Royal Engineers: His Diaries and Sketches in America, 1762–1780. New York, 1930. description ends , 216–19; Hinrichs, “Diary,” description begins “Diary of Captain Johann Hinrichs.” In The Siege of Charleston: With an Account of the Province of South Carolina: Diaries and Letters of Hessian Officers From the von Jungkenn Papers in the William L. Clements Library. Translated and edited by Bernhard A. Uhlendorf. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1938, pages 103–363. In University of Michigan Publications: History and Political Science, vol. 12. description ends 205–31; and Ewald, Diary description begins Johann Ewald. Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal. Translated and edited by Joseph P. Tustin. New Haven and London, 1979. description ends , 208–20; see also Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln description begins David B. Mattern. Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution. Columbia, S.C., 1995. description ends , 97–98.

4. Brahm’s journal entry dated 9 and 10 March reads: “Seven vessels were sunk near the mouth of Cooper River, and cables fixed from one to the other, to prevent the entrance of this river” (Gibbes, Documentary History description begins R. W. Gibbes, ed. Documentary History of the American Revolution: Consisting of Letters and Papers Relating to the Contest for Liberty, Chiefly in South Carolina . . .. 3 vols. 1853-57. Reprint. Spartanburg, S.C., 1972. description ends , 2:124).

5. For enemy accounts of this action on 26 March, see the entry for 25 March in Ewald, Diary description begins Johann Ewald. Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal. Translated and edited by Joseph P. Tustin. New Haven and London, 1979. description ends , 214, and the entry for 27 March in Diary of Lieut. Allaire description begins Diary of Lieut. Anthony Allaire. 1881. Reprint. New York, 1968. Originally published as “Diary of Lieut. Anthony Allaire, of Ferguson’s Corps.” In King’s Mountain and Its Heroes: History of the Battle of King’s Mountain, October 7th, 1780, and the Events Which Led To It, by Lyman C. Draper. Cincinnati, 1881, pp. 484–515. description ends , 9.

John Hamilton (d. 1816) prospered as a merchant, first in Nansemond County, Va., and then near Halifax, North Carolina. An avowed Loyalist, he secured a commission as lieutenant colonel, raised the Royal North Carolina Regiment, and fought in the southern states with the British army. Hamilton’s capture in late March 1780 came soon after he had been released from prior captivity in a prisoner exchange, (see Samuel Huntington to GW, 7 Feb., n.3). He became a prisoner for a third time after the British surrender at Yorktown, Va., in October 1781. To Hamilton, a contemporary wrote, “the British nation owed more than to any other individual loyalist in the British service” (Stedman, American War description begins C. Stedman. The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American War. 2 vols. London, 1794. description ends , 2:385). After the war, Hamilton resided in London until 1790, when he became British consul at Norfolk, Va., where he served until 1812. He died in London.

6. Significant Spanish forces did not move against Pensacola, Fla., until 1781 (see Juan de Miralles to GW, 14 March, n.3).

7. Woodford and his Virginia troops arrived in Charleston on 7 April (see his letter to GW, 9 April).

8. Lincoln wrote Woodford from Charleston on 1 April: “I was the evening before last honored with your two favors of the 25th and 26th, one by Colonel Neville . … The measures you have adopted with regard to the sick I think are right.

“As the enemy are before our lines it will be necessary for you to march down the Country and fall on the east side of the Cooper river. Pursue such route as by the advice of your Guides you shall think best to Cainhoy, where boats will be sent for you. Please to advise me soon as you can ascertain when you shall arrive there.

“You had better leave your Artillery Waggons, and heavy baggage at Camden … you will bring to Town two horses for each field officer, if they chuse to do so—this indulgence is granted to Officers here—but my advice to them is that they leave their horses with the Qr. Mr. who will meet you at Cainhoy—to him you will deliver all public and private horses and waggons—he will order them to a place of safety and forage for them—you will bring on your Tents” (Stewart, Life of Woodford description begins Mrs. Catesby Willis Stewart. The Life of Brigadier General William Woodford of The American Revolution. 2 vols. Richmond, Va., 1973. description ends , 2:1160–61). Woodford’s letters to Lincoln of 25 and 26 March have not been identified.

9. Woodford is referring to a letter he wrote GW from Petersburg, Va., on 8 March.