Thomas Jefferson Papers
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Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 25 February 1822

To James Madison

Monticello Feb. 25. 22.

Dear Sir

I have no doubt you have recieved, as I have done, a letter from Dr Morse with a printed pamphlet, proposing to us a place in a self constituted society for the civilisation of the Indians Etc.1 I am anxious to know your thoughts on the subject because they would affect my confidence in my own. I disapprove the proposition altogether. I acknolege the right of voluntary associations for laudable purposes and in moderate numbers. I acknolege too the expediency, for revolutionary purposes, of general associations, coextensive with the nation. but where, as in our case, no abuses call for revolution voluntary associations so extensive as to grapple with & controul the government, should such be or become their purpose, are dangerous machines, and should be frowned down in every regulated government. here is one proposed to comprehend all the functionaries of the government executive, legislative & Judiciary, all officers of the army or navy, governors of the states, learned institutions, the whole body of the clergy who will be 1920 of the whole association, and as many other individuals as can be enlisted for 5.D. apiece. for what object? one which the government is pursuing with superior means, superior wisdom, and under limits of legal prescription. and by whom? a half dozen or dozen private individuals, of whom we know neither the number nor names, except of Elias B. Caldwell their foreman, Jedediah Morse of Ocean memory their present Secretary & in petto their future Agent, Etc. these clubbists of Washington, who from their residence there will be the real society, have undertaken to embody even the government itself into an instrument to be wielded by themselves and for purposes directed by themselves. observe that they omit the President’s name, and for reasons too flimsy to be the true ones. no doubt they have proposed it to him, and his prudence has refused his name. and shall we suffer ourselves to be constituted into tools by such an authority? who, after this example, may not impress us into their purposes? feeling that the association is unnecessary, presumptuous & of dangerous example, my present impression is to decline membership, to give my reasons for it, in terms of respect, but with frankness. but as the answer is not pressing, I suspend it until I can hear from you in the hope you will exchange thoughts with me, that I may shape my answer as much in conformity with yours as coincidence in our views of the subject may admit: and I will pray to hear from you by the first mail. ever and affectionately Your’s

Th: Jefferson

RC (DLC: Madison Papers, Rives Collection). PoC (DLC); on reused address cover to TJ; damaged at seal, with one word rewritten by TJ; at foot of first page: “Mr Madison”; endorsed by TJ.

Article V of the constitution in the printed pamphlet distributed by the American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States stipulated that “The successive Presidents of the United States, who shall have retired from office, shall be, ex-officio, Patrons of this Society, the Vice-President of the United States, ex-officio, its President; the Heads of Departments, Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Governors of the several States and Territories, ex-officio, Vice-Presidents.” Article XII further specified that “Members of both Houses of Congress; General Officers of the Army; Commissioners of the Navy; the Presidents and Professors of Colleges and Theological Seminaries; the Clergy of all denominations throughout the United States; the Presidents and Secretaries of all Associations and Societies, who embrace Indians among the objects of their attention; all Commanding Officers of Military posts, within, or near, the Indian Territories; all Superintendents of Indians, and Indian Agents, shall be, ex-officio, members of this Society” (A New Society, for the Benefit of Indians, organized at the City of Washington, February, 1822 [(Washington, 1822)], quotes on pp. 5 and 7).

After chairing the meeting at which the constitution was adopted, elias b. caldwell became the new society’s recording secretary. A footnote subjoined to the list of officers addressed the absence of the president’s name, explaining that, “as he is, from the nature of his office, the head of the nation, and of course of all its public Institutions, which are strictly National in their character, it is deemed superfluous and improper to place it here” (New Society, for the Benefit of Indians, 2, 9, quote on p. 8).

1Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

Index Entries

  • American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States; constitution of search
  • American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States; E. Caldwell as recording secretary of search
  • American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States; TJ declines membership in search
  • Caldwell, Elias Boudinot; as recording secretary of American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States search
  • education; of Indians search
  • Indians, American; plans for civilizing search
  • Jefferson, Thomas; Honors & Memberships; American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, membership in declined search
  • Jefferson, Thomas; Opinions on; American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States search
  • Madison, James (1751–1836); letters to search
  • Monroe, James (1758–1831); and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States search
  • Morse, Jedidiah; and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States search
  • politics; and voluntary associations search