69. The Susquehanna Lower Ferry at present Perryville, Md., was evidently closed because of ice conditions. Alexander Ewing kept a Cecil County ordinary in this period, probably at the Bald Friar crossing just north of present Conowingo (Cecil County Minute Book, 1777-1784, 12 Aug. 1778, Hall of Records of Maryland, Annapolis; MB 29 Jan. 1783; TJ to James Madison, 31 Jan. 1783; Böÿe, Map of Virginia description begins Herman Böÿe, Map of the State of Virginia, 1825, corrected 1859, repr. in E. M. Sanchez-Saavedra, A Description of the Country: Virginia Cartographers and Their Maps, 1607-1881, Richmond, 1975 description ends ).

70. Bushtown, also called Harford and now known as Bush, was about a mile northeast of present Abingdon in Harford County, Md.

71. This is probably the Rawlings’ tavern about ten miles southwest of Annapolis near present Harwood in Anne Arundel County, Md. (William E. Richardson, “Colonial Homes in West River Hundred,” CHS Records, xliv-xlv [1942-43], 116, 118-19; Griffith, Map of Maryland description begins Dennis Griffith, Map of the State of Maryland, Philadelphia, 1794 description ends ).

72. According to the TJ Index, 1772-1778 description begins Thomas Jefferson manuscript indexes for the Memorandum Books, 1767-1826, bound with them, except for 1773 (unlocated), 1776-1778 and 1779-1782 (ViU) description ends , this was Thomas Pleasants (d. 1796), nephew of Thomas Pleasants, Jr., of Beaverdam. He lived at Four Mile Creek in Henrico County (The Edward Pleasants Valentine Papers [Richmond, 1927], iv, 2296-7).

73.  Joseph Anderson had laid stone “under the house” (Fee Book: Anderson account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ).

74. This cherry plank was for window sashes in the bows of the main house (Nichols, No. 107 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, ed. Frederick D. Nichols, 4th ed., Charlottesville, Va., 1978 description ends ).

75. The foal was Ethelinda (Betts, Farm Book, p. 92 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends ).

76.  Jane Randolph Jefferson died on 31 Mch. 1776 “after an illness of not more than an hour. We suppose it to have been apoplectic” (TJ to William Randolph, c. June 1776). The Rev. Charles Clay preached the funeral sermon at her burial in the Monticello graveyard (MB 11 Apr. 1777).

77.  Bartholomew Kindred (d. 1805), a weaver, produced much of the cloth for the Monticello family and slaves during the Revolution. He was allowed a share of the profits of his shop, which may have been located at Shadwell (MB 25 Oct. 1782; Martha Jefferson’s household accounts in TJ’s Record of Cases Tried in Virginia Courts, DLC: TJ Papers, series 7, vol. 1; AlCWB, iv, 182-3).

78.  Adcock was a tailor (Fee Book: Neilson account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ).

79.  John Beckley was a Monticello sawyer (MB 13 Feb. 1777).

80. This midwife’s fee was for the birth of John Hemings (1776-after 1830), who became one of TJ’s most valued slaves. The son of Betty Hemings and Monticello carpenter Joseph Neilson, Hemings was trained as a carpenter and cabinetmaker. He worked on both the Monticello and Poplar Forest houses and made a number of pieces of furniture, some of which survive. He was manumitted under the terms of TJ’s will and remained in Albemarle County. For a biographical sketch see James A. Bear, Jr., “The Hemings Family of Monticello,” Virginia Cavalcade, xxix (1979), p. 85-7.

81. The ordinary at Red House, present Haymarket in Prince William County, was kept at this time by a certain Tyler (MB 8 Sep. 1776).

82.  Joseph Lacey was granted a license in 1774 to keep the ordinary formerly kept by Charles West at present Aldie in southern Loudoun County. At the Red House TJ’s route had branched off onto the Carolina road and he pursued a more westerly course to Philadelphia through Frederick, Md., and York, Pa. (Loudoun County Court Order Book, 1773-1776, p. 513, Loudoun County Courthouse, Leesburg, Va.; Fairfax Harrison, Landmarks of Old Prince William [Berryville, Va., 1964], p. 495-6).

83.  Alexander McIntyre kept the Indian King tavern in Leesburg (TJ itinerary, ViU: 6225; Melvin L. Steadman, Jr., to Editors, 29 May 1978).

84.  Noland’s ferry on the Carolina road between Leesburg and Frederick, Md., crossed the Potomac River from Loudoun County to the mouth of Tuscarora Creek in Montgomery County, Md. (Fairfax Harrison, Landmarks of Old Prince William [Berryville, Va., 1964], p. 503-4).

85. Taneytown, Md.

86. McAllister’s Town was the early name for Hanover, Pa. (John Gibson, ed., History of York County, Pennsylvania [Chicago, 1886], p. 574).

87. This was probably Casper Reinecker, who was later a successful storekeeper in McAllister’s Town (Gibson, History of York County, p. 577).

88.  Wright’s ferry crossed the Susquehanna River between present Wrightsville in York County and Columbia in Lancaster County (Franklin Ellis and Samuel Evans, History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania [Philadelphia, 1883], p. 539-40).

89. This tavern was called the Bear. It may have been kept by Adam Reigart, who was known as the keeper of the Grape on North Queen Street, Lancaster (MB 28 Oct. 1783; Ellis and Evans, History of Lancaster County, p. 395).

90. The Bull tavern was kept on East King Street in Lancaster by Leonard Eichholtz (Ellis and Evans, History of Lancaster County, p. 397).

91. Willing, Morris & Co., the mercantile and banking firm of Thomas Willing and Robert Morris, was the Philadelphia fiscal agent for the state of Virginia.

92. Seeking “the benefit of a freely circulating air” as the summer approached, TJ had moved from his downtown lodgings with Benjamin Randolph to the second floor of a new brick house owned by the bricklayer Jacob Graff, Jr., on the southwest corner of Seventh and Market streets. It was in this house, which has been reconstructed on its original site, that TJ wrote the Declaration of Independence (TJ to Thomas Nelson, 16 May 1776; TJ to James Mease, 16 Sep. 1825; Thomas Donaldson, The House in Which Jefferson Wrote the Declaration of Independence [Philadelphia, 1898], p. 83-6).

93.  Joseph Clarke’s State House Inn was on the north side of Chestnut Street facing the State House (John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania [Philadelphia, 1857], i, 403-4).

94. An ivory book was a sheaf of small ivory leaves attached at one end by a metal rivet to allow the leaves to be opened into a fan shape. TJ generally carried an ivory book with him at all times and recorded in it his expenditures and other memoranda which could subsequently be transcribed into his permanent books of record. The notations on ivory could be erased and the leaves used over again. There are presently several ivory books in the Monticello collection which belonged to TJ.

95.  Isaac Greentree kept a tavern at the “Sign of the Conestoga Wagon” on the south side of Market Street just west of Fourth Street (Pennsylvania Evening Post, 24 Sep. 1776; Historic Philadelphia, end map).

96. “Wash balls” were balls of soap, sometimes perfumed or medicated, for washing and shaving.

97.  Daniel King, Sr. or Daniel King, Jr. (1752-1806). The latter operated a brass foundry at 68 and 70 South Front Street (W. A. Newman Dorland, “The Second Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry,” PMHB, xlvii [1923], 73).

98. Besides his attendance at the historic afternoon session of Congress, TJ’s activities on 4 July are recorded only in the MB. He noted the temperature four times during the day and, probably before going to the State House, he went shopping at a milliner’s and at John Sparhawk’s Second Street store. Congress approved the revised Declaration of Independence and ordered it authenticated and printed. Julian P. Boyd made this conjecture: “It may be that Jefferson as chairman of the Committee [to draft the Declaration], took the authenticated copy to John Dunlap . . . and watched over its composition and proof reading the night of July 4” (The Declaration of Independence, The Evolution of Its Text [Washington, D.C., 1943], p. 35; but see Paul H. Smith, ed., Letters of Delegates to Congress [Washington, D.C., 1979], iv 381-2, where Smith offers proof that Congress approved the Declaration in the morning, a conclusion Boyd then accepted [Julian P. Boyd to Paul H. Smith, July 27, 1976, copy in TJ Editorial files].). For full accounts of the writing and publication of the Declaration, see Malone, Jefferson, i, 219-31; Dumas Malone and others, The Story of the Declaration of Independence (New York, 1954); and Papers, i, 413-33, and sources therein cited.

99.  Adam Bauch, a reed maker, was at 6 North Fifth Street in 1793 (Phila. Dir. 1793 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

1. Lustring (also lutestring) was a fine glossy silk dress fabric (Fairchild’s Dictionary of Textiles, p. 364 description begins Isabel B. Wingate, Fairchild’s Dictionary of Textiles, 6th ed., New York, 1979 description ends ).

2. William Barrell was a general merchant on the northeast corner of Market and Second streets (Pennsylvania Gazette, 1 May 1776).

3. This payment was for glass cans and tumblers purchased for Francis Eppes from Joseph Stansbury, a general merchant on Front Street (TJ to Eppes, 9 Aug. 1776; Pennsylvania Ledger, 25 Oct. 1777).

4. There were several Rising Sun taverns in and around Philadelphia. This may be the one about four miles north of the city on the road to Germantown; it was burned by the British in 1777 (W. A. Newman Dorland, “The Second Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry,” PMHB, lii [1928], 380; William Faden, A Plan of the City and Environs of Philadelphia [London, 1777]).

5.  Francis Lightfoot Lee (1734-1797) had succeeded Richard Bland in 1775 as a delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress.

6. This was probably the carriage and chaise maker William Todd (Harold E. Gillingham, “The Philadelphia Windsor Chair and its Journeyings,” PMHB, lv [1931], 320n).

7. A butt hinge has plain rectangular leaves that are attached to doors and door frames so that only the rounded pin joint is exposed. Such a hinge may be seen at Monticello on the door leading from the south passage into the entrance hall.

8.  John Nicholson was a gunsmith near the drawbridge over Dock Creek at Front Street (Charles P. Barker, “The Gulph Mill,” PMHB, liii [1929], 178-9).

9. Hatter Isaac Parish was located at 17 North Second Street from 1772 to 1792 (Phila. Dir. description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends 1791; Contributionship Insurance policy No. 1485, PPAP).

10. This may be the White Horse tavern, twenty-six miles west of Philadelphia on the road to Lancaster, near present Glenloch in East Whiteland Township, Chester County (Julius F. Sachse, The Wayside Inns on the Lancaster Roadside Between Philadelphia and Lancaster [Lancaster, Pa., 1912], p. 8; Reading Howell, Map of the State of Pennsylvania, 1792).

11. There was a Three Crowns tavern about twenty miles east of Lancaster on the eastern edge of Lancaster County (Charles I. Landis, “History of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike,” PMHB, lxii [1918], 13).

12.  Mary Walker Lewis, daughter of Dr. Thomas Walker, was the wife of TJ’s neighbor Nicholas Lewis of The Farm (Woods, Albemarle, p. 252; Rawlings, Ante-bellum Albemarle, p. 51 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ).

13.  Ned (1760-1818?), the son of Gill and Fanny, was a slave inherited from PJ. He and his wife Jenny lived at Tufton and Monticello.

14. Dr. James Bryden lived near Goochland Courthouse (Virginia Gazette [P], 14 June 1776 description begins Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, 1751-1780, and Richmond, 1780-1781). Abbreviations for publishers of the several newspapers of this name, frequently published concurrently, include: D & H (Dixon & Hunter), P & D (Purdie & Dixon), R (Rind) description ends ).

15. TJ had come to Williamsburg to take his seat in the House of Delegates. He and his family took up residence in the house on the Palace Green belonging to George Wythe, who was attending Congress in Philadelphia.

16.  Frederick Bryan was the new tenant of the Chickahominy River ferry and ordinary formerly kept by Mary Davis, Robert Lorton, and John Foese (Virginia Gazette [P], 16 Feb. 1776 description begins Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, 1751-1780, and Richmond, 1780-1781). Abbreviations for publishers of the several newspapers of this name, frequently published concurrently, include: D & H (Dixon & Hunter), P & D (Purdie & Dixon), R (Rind) description ends ; MB 29 Sep. 1767, cash accounts).

17.  John Dunlap, the Philadelphia printer, was publisher of Dunlap’s Pennsylvania Packet, or, the General Advertiser. Under varying titles and sometimes with the association of David C. Claypoole, Dunlap published the Pennsylvania Packet until 1790, when he continued it as Dunlap’s American Daily Advertiser. From 1796 into the 1820s Claypoole and then Zachariah Poulson were the publishers of the American Daily Advertiser (Brigham, History, ii, 896, 903, 942, 947 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ; Sowerby, No. 564 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

18. The Rev. William Douglas, TJ’s earliest preceptor, was rector of St. James-Northam Parish, Goochland County, from 1752 to 1777 (Malone, Jefferson, i, 39-40; Meade, Old Churches, i, 457-9 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ).

19. Martha Jefferson, now four years old, was always called Patsy by members of her family.

20. According to TJ’s Index, 1776-1778, this was the Rev. Thomas Davis, at this time minister of Elizabeth City Parish in Norfolk and a zealous patriot (Meade, Old Churches, i, 272 description begins Bishop Meade, Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia, Philadelphia, 1857, 2 vols. description ends ; Diaries of George Washington, vi, 335 description begins The Diaries of George Washington, ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, Charlottesville, Va., 1976-1979, 6 vols. description ends ).

21.  Matthew Phripp (d. 1780) was a Norfolk merchant engaged in the West Indian and South American trade (Virginia Gazette [D], 6 June 1777; [D & N], 26 Feb. 1780 description begins Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, 1751-1780, and Richmond, 1780-1781). Abbreviations for publishers of the several newspapers of this name, frequently published concurrently, include: D & H (Dixon & Hunter), P & D (Purdie & Dixon), R (Rind) description ends ).

22. A pipkin was a small earthenware jar.

23. On the return of George Wythe from Philadelphia, TJ took lodgings in a building on Nicholson Street, on the site of the reconstructed Ludwell Tenement. It was leased by the printer John Pinkney.

24.  James Henry (1731-1804) was at this time a state legislator from Accomack County.

25. TJ’s friend Isaac Zane (d. 1795) was a state legislator from Frederick County until his death. His residence and his Marlboro Iron Works were located about twelve miles southwest of Winchester (Roger W. Moss, Jr., “Isaac Zane, Jr., A ‘Quaker for the Times,’ ” VMHB, lxxvii [1969], 291-306).

26.  James Hill, formerly of King William County, was steward of the estates in the Williamsburg area which belonged to John Parke Custis and his mother, Martha Washington (Diaries of George Washington, iii, 142 description begins The Diaries of George Washington, ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, Charlottesville, Va., 1976-1979, 6 vols. description ends ).

27. This bill, intended for the purchase of fifteen sets of “drums & colors” for the Virginia militia, was returned in 1778 because the items were unavailable (Fee Book: Treasury of Virginia account description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Fee Book,” 1767-1774, containing entries pertaining to his law practice. Indexed. Miscellaneous accounts, 1764-1794. 187 bound quarto leaves. CSmH description ends ; MB 20 Apr. 1778; John Harvie to TJ, 29 Dec. 1777).

28. The library of James Horrocks, former president of the College of William and Mary and member of Council, had first been offered for sale at a Williamsburg store shortly after his death in 1772. The titles which TJ purchased through Thomas Everard, Horrocks’ father-in-law, are not known (see The Henley-Horrocks Inventory, ed. Fraser Neiman [Williamsburg, Va., 1968]).

29. Dr. John Minson Galt (1744-1808) at this time was practicing medicine in partnership with Dr. William Pasteur (Blanton, Medicine in Virginia, p. 319-20 description begins Wyndham B. Blanton, Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century, Richmond, 1931 description ends ).

30. TJ purchased a manuscript collection of laws of Virginia and at least forty-five titles, chiefly common law works, which had belonged to Peyton Randolph and his father, Sir John Randolph (see Sowerby, index description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

31. Four Mile Creek in Henrico County runs into the James River about nine miles southeast of Richmond.

32. Flat Rock is six miles east of present Powhatan in Powhatan County (TJ MS Map description begins Thomas Jefferson sketch map of roads between Shadwell and Richmond, including taverns, residences, mileages, c. 1760-1784. ViU description ends ). TJ was probably on his way to visit the Skipwiths and Harrises at Hors du Monde and Indian Camp, as he saw Anne Eppes Harris’ son Benjamin the next day.

33. “One of our great embarrasments is the cleaning the cotton of the seed,” wrote TJ in 1793 to Eli Whitney, inventor of the saw gin which revolutionized the cotton industry. At this time household producers of cloth had to clean cotton by hand or with crude gins of two rollers operated by a crank or treadle. Although there were foot-operated cotton gins in Virginia in this period, here and in 1777 and 1779 TJ seems to have purchased inexpensive hand-operated gins (TJ to Whitney, 16 Nov. 1793; Lewis C. Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860 [Washington, D.C., 1933], i, 183, ii, 674-5, 735-6; Thomas Anburey, Travels Through the Interior Parts of America [Boston and New York, 1923], ii, 246; MB 18 Aug. 1777, 18 Sep. 1779).

34.  Giovanni Strobia, a tailor, was one of the artisans who had come from Italy with Philip Mazzei. In 1780 he was in Williamsburg, working for himself and living in TJ’s household. By 1799 he was a wealthy Richmond grocer (Mazzei, Life, p. 196, 204 description begins Philip Mazzei: My Life and Wanderings, trans. S. Eugene Scalia, ed. Margherita Marchione, Morristown, N.J., 1980 description ends ; TJ to Mazzei, 4 Apr. 1780; Bear, Jefferson at Monticello, p. 5 description begins Jefferson at Monticello, ed. James A. Bear, Jr., Charlottesville, Va., 1967 description ends ; TJ to Charles Bellini, 24 Apr. 1799).

35. These weather observations, which begin at the back of the 1776-1778 volume, are printed here for chronological consistency. They, with a contemporaneous manuscript in DLC, are the first surviving entries in what became an almost continuous record of daily weather conditions until 1826. TJ noted the temperature and other data in one of his ivory notebooks and once a week transcribed this information into the MB or one of his separate weather memorandum books. Besides the weather records in the MB, there are four volumes of weather memorandums for the years 1776 to 1826 in DLC and MHi (TJ to TMR, 18 Apr. 1790; Edward T. Martin, Thomas Jefferson: Scientist [New York, 1952], p. 131-47).

36. TJ’s estimation of the heights of Monticello and adjacent Montalto by the barometric method were below their actual elevations, which are 867′ and 1,280′ respectively. The tobacco landing on the Rivanna River at the foot of Monticello was at about 300′, so that TJ was 55′ short in his estimate of the height of Monticello and almost 200′ short for Montalto. About thirty-five years later TJ recalculated these heights, using the same barometer readings of 1776 but a different method of estimation derived from the article on barometers in the Encyclopédie méthodique. By this method he was far more accurate, obtaining figures of 581′ and 892′ (Weather Memorandum Book, p. 58-9, DLC). TJ probably used the tables provided by Dr. Thomas Nettleton in his “Observations Concerning the Height of the Barometer” in the Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, xxxiii (1724-1725, repr. New York, 1963), 308-12.

37. The comments of John Theophilus Desaguliers on the comparative strength of men and horses and the best application of their forces are in the first volume of his A Course of Experimental Philosophy, first published in London in 1734 (3d. edition, 1763, i, 251-8; Sowerby, No. 3738 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).