George Washington Papers
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To George Washington from Colonel Daniel Brodhead, 18 March 1780

From Colonel Daniel Brodhead

Fort Pitt [Pa.] March 18th 1780.

Dear General

The Savages have already begun their hostilities—last sunday they killed five Men at a Sugar Camp upon Raccoon Creek in Yoghagania County & took prisoners three Girls & three lads.1 It is generally conjectured that the Delawares perpetrated this Murder, but it is possible it may have been done by other Indians. If the Delaware Nation should declare against us, this frontier will be greatly distressed, as many other Nations who have hitherto been neuter will join them, and my Force is by no means sufficient to protect the Settlements.2 I have inclosed to the Adjutt Genl a return of the Troops for the Month of February3 since which near to fifty men have been discharged from the 9th Virga Regt and many more will expect their discharges very soon.

I have lately been favored with a Letter from Colo. Clark declaring his readiness to cooperate with me in every Measure I shall Undertake either for the reduction of one of the Enemies posts or against the Indian Towns. He is now at the Ilinois and will be considerably reinforced in the course of this Spring. He proposes throwing up some Works at the Mouth of Ohio River. If your Excellency can possibly spare a small reinforcement of well appointed regular Troops for this District I will pledge my Honor to be as Active as circumstances & Situation will admit.4

I am exceeding anxious to receive a line from you5 And have the Honor to be with the most perfect regard & esteem your Excellencies most Obedt Servt

Daniel Brodhead

LS, DLC:GW; LB, NNGL.

1Among the captured children were members of the Foulks family (see Kellogg, Frontier Retreat description begins Louise Phelps Kellogg, ed. Frontier Retreat on the Upper Ohio, 1779–1781. Madison, Wis., 1917. description ends , 151–54).

2Brodhead also reported this incident in letters written on this date to Board of War secretary Richard Peters, to Capt. Thomas McIntire, and to Capt. Samuel Brady (see Pa. Archives description begins Samuel Hazard et al., eds. Pennsylvania Archives. 9 ser., 138 vols. Philadelphia and Harrisburg, 1852–1949. description ends , 1st ser., 12:210–13; see also Brodhead to Archibald Lochry, 21 March, and to David Zeisberger, 22 March, in Pa. Archives description begins Samuel Hazard et al., eds. Pennsylvania Archives. 9 ser., 138 vols. Philadelphia and Harrisburg, 1852–1949. description ends , 1st ser., 12:214–15). A copy of Brodhead’s letter to Peters eventually reached GW as an enclosure with the Board of War to GW, 17 April.

Brodhead additionally wrote Joseph Reed, president of the Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council, from Fort Pitt on this date: “I have wrote to the Commander in chief for a reinforcement from the main army but I fear it will not be in his power to detach any of the troops. …

“Your Excellency cannot lay me under a greater obligation than by having some small Regt from the main army annexed to mine for I see no possiblity of recruiting it. The recruiting officers expenses takes all the money to little or no purpose” (Pa. Archives description begins Samuel Hazard et al., eds. Pennsylvania Archives. 9 ser., 138 vols. Philadelphia and Harrisburg, 1852–1949. description ends , 1st ser., 8:140).

The Delaware Indians, in council at Coshocton (Ohio country) on 30 March, identified the assailants and affirmed the tribe’s loyalty to the United States. Tribe spokesman Captain Johnny (Israel Gérard) issued an address to Brodhead and Col. John Henry [John Killbuck], which Brodhead then enclosed in a letter he wrote to GW on 24 April. The address reads: “I can now Inform you as fact who it was that Murdered your Children … Some time Agoe I had heard, that bad p[e]ople were Gone past Towards you, but knew not the truth, now i assure you that it was Done By a party of Mingoes and Monseess [Muncies] Together” (DLC:GW; see also Kellogg, Frontier Retreat description begins Louise Phelps Kellogg, ed. Frontier Retreat on the Upper Ohio, 1779–1781. Madison, Wis., 1917. description ends , 157–59). Moravian missionary David Zeisberger largely corroborated this information in his diary entry for 29 March and in his letter to Brodhead of 2 April (see Wellenreuther and Wessel, Diaries of David Zeisberger description begins Herman Wellenreuther and Carola Wessel, eds. The Moravian Mission Diaries of David Zeisberger, 1772-1781. University Park, Pa., 2005. description ends , 524, and Brodhead to GW, 24 April, n.7).

3The enclosed return has not been identified, but Brodhead mentioned it when he wrote Adj. Gen. Alexander Scammell from Fort Pitt on 28 April: “I am favored with yours of the 17th of Dec’r last. It came to hand a fortnight ago, but I could procure no private conveyance until now to take down the Return.

“I hope you have duly rec’d the returns hitherto, and you may rely on my sending the Monthly Returns in future to Mr. Mitchel’s office. His Excellency will herewith receive a return of the Troops under my Command from the first of March to the first of May. I enclose it in his letter because he says he has seen no late returns of th[e] Troops here.

“I expect to find private conveyances during the Summer Season once a Month, and in the Fall season once in two Months, but I can promise nothing for the ensuing winter season unless it proves much more favorable than the last.

“Wishing you an agreeable and successful Campaign” (Pa. Archives description begins Samuel Hazard et al., eds. Pennsylvania Archives. 9 ser., 138 vols. Philadelphia and Harrisburg, 1852–1949. description ends , 1st ser., 12:226–27; see also Brodhead to GW, 24 April).

4Brodhead responded to Virginia militia colonel George Rogers Clark from Fort Pitt on 4 April: “I am honored with your oblidging Letter of the 22d December last—The intelligence you have from Detroit is interesting and your proposals very pleasing.

“I have wrote to his Excellency the Commander in chief to inform him of the Contents but have not yet received his answer, when I do shall take the earliest opp’y to communicate to you such parts as from our local situation & circumstances may be adviseable. I think it is probable that before next Winter I shall have the pleasure of taking you by the Hand somewhere upon the Waters of Lake Erie.

“The Delawares at present continue their professions of Friendship towards us, but I am convinced there are many Villains in that Nation. If I am enabled as I expect to carry on an Expedition against the Shawnese the Delawares may afterwards be ordered as I may find most conducive to the public good” (James, Clark Papers description begins James Alton James, ed. George Rogers Clark Papers, 1771–1781. Springfield, Ill., 1912. In Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, vol. 8. Virginia Series, vol. 3. description ends , 408–9). Brodhead again wrote Clark from Fort Pitt on 20 May: “I have for some time past had in contemplation an Expedition against the Shawnese Towns but I find it is quite impracticable for want of resources. It is some time past since I was honored with a Line from his Excelly the Commander in chief, but I have no reason to expect a reinforcement from him. …

“I will endeavour to write you again after I receive his Excellencies answer to the proposed junction of our Forces” (James, Clark Papers description begins James Alton James, ed. George Rogers Clark Papers, 1771–1781. Springfield, Ill., 1912. In Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, vol. 8. Virginia Series, vol. 3. description ends , 419–20).

5GW replied to Brodhead on 4 July: “It is much to be regretted that the state of our regular Troops will not admit of a detachment” (DLC:GW; see also Brodhead to GW, 24 April and 13 and 30 May, the latter two in DLC:GW).

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