7. ADS, Hamilton Papers, Library of Congress.

8. Fulton was in the service of France as a major of cavalry under George Rogers Clark. With the support of Edmond Charles Genet, Clark planned to command an expedition against Louisiana. See “Proposed Presidential Message to Congress Concerning the Revocation of Edmond Charles Genet’s Diplomatic Status,” January 6–13, 1794. After the failure of this project, Clark sent Fulton to France as his agent to recover money which Clark had already advanced for this expedition. Fulton was unsuccessful in his efforts in the winter of 1794–1795 and again in late 1796. See Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Policy of France toward the Mississippi Valley in the Period of Washington and Adams,” American Historical Review, X (1904–1905), 270–71; James Alton James, The Life of George Rogers Clark (Chicago, 1928), 429, 432, 436.

In the “Embassy of Mr. Monroe,” Eustace wrote: “I first saw A, at Paris, on the 28th December, 1794, on my return from Holland: he then was the most intimate and most confidential of Mr. Monroe’s associates—he was the bearer of a claim for monies due by the French Government, to several American Citizens of the West.… From various reports, extremely to the prejudice of this man, after a fruitless attempt made, through me, to swindle my friend, Mr. [Jules Paul Benjamin] Delessert [a Paris banker] out of the important sum of thirty thousand Dollars, by selling his draft on V. endorsed by N, I was prepared to enforce his dismission by the Government; when, on the 9th June, K. related to me from J, the violent indignation of Mr. Monroe; and his desire ‘that the Scoundrel should be sent off.’ Not satisfied with this nuncupative and indirect censure of A, I. endeavoured to provoke a written reply to me, on a Note to the Minister respecting him—In this I failed; and therefore waited on him with K, the next day, when he repeated and redoubled the expression of his execrations.… A. embarked for America, within a few days after my interview on the 10th June 1796 [1795], with Mr. Monroe. On the 16th July 1797 ([1796], he came to my apartment, in Paris, informing me he had brought Dispatches from Mr. Adet for the Directory of France: paid me a second visit the next day, saying (to me in his own words) ‘I have been to see Monroe: he received me As if Nothing had Happened.’ … I now find, to my extreme astonishment, that his name is on the list of Subscribers to an Address offered to Mr. Monroe on the 8th of December, 1796 …” (The New-York Gazette and General Advertiser, August 27, 1798). For the address to Monroe, dated December 6, 1796, which Eustace also signed, see Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive description begins James Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States, Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5 & 6 (Philadelphia: Printed by and for Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1797). description ends , 401–02.

9. From 1776 to 1783 Clark was a colonel and a brigadier general of the Virginia militia. During the American Revolution, forces under his command captured Cahokia and Vincennes.

10. In the “Embassy of Mr. Monroe,” Eustace wrote the following about Waldrhyn: “… [He] is a decent Man, and a thorough Sailor, having been bred in the Coal Trade. He was, till lately, a resident and proprietary Citizen of Kentucky; but, at Philadelphia, entered into the Service and Pay of France.… C. has introductory Letters to Mr. Monroe; a commission to sell Lands, for G; and is to have a credit here, from F.… his Letters to Mr. Monroe are from D. and E. their joint Friends. C. suspects A’s courage and probity …” (The New-York Gazette and General Advertiser, August 31, 1798). Waldrhyn also signed the address to Monroe of December 6, 1796 (Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive description begins James Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States, Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5 & 6 (Philadelphia: Printed by and for Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1797). description ends , 401–02).

11. William Blount was governor of the Territory Southwest of the River Ohio from 1790 until his election to the United States Senate in 1796 from the new state of Tennessee. On July 8, 1797, the Senate expelled him for his participation in a plan to attack Spanish Florida and Louisiana in order to transfer control of these territories to Great Britain.

12. John Fowler of Kentucky was a member of the House of Representatives from 1797 to 1807.

13. Moylan was a Philadelphia attorney.

14. Colonel Thomas Proctor of Philadelphia.

15. “H” and “I” are not identified, but in the “Embassy of Mr. Monroe,” Eustace wrote: “On the 23d July [1796], the recommendatory Letter of Adet to the Minister of Marine, had been stolen from C, at the office of H; and as he suspected I and A of being the joint thieves, he was very ready to abandon the latter whom he despised, as soon as he found that he was not an Officer of the Republic of France, but a Spy of the Directory …” (The New-York Gazette and General Advertiser, September 1, 1798).

16. William S. Dallam was a lawyer and a major of the militia in Abingdon, Harford County, Maryland.

17. Thomas Gautier.

18. After a distinguished naval career during the American Revolution, Barney engaged in commerce, agriculture, and exploration. In 1794 he was named one of six captains to command the six new frigates authorized by Congress, but he declined the commission because he had been outranked by a man who previously had been his junior. He returned to the merchant service and commanded the ship that carried Monroe to France in 1794. From 1796 to 1802 he was a captain in the French navy.

19. For examples of Cooper’s privateering activities, see Sherwin McRae and Raleigh Colston, Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts, from January 1, 1794 to May 16, 1795 (Richmond, 1888), 107, 108, 489.

20. Peter Whitesides, a Philadelphia merchant. In the “Embassy of Mr. Monroe,” Eustace wrote: “Saturday, 23 July [1796] … It is strange he [Monroe] should talk of A. to me; and with Patience, having so lately declared him to be a Scoundrel! A, O, R and P, are his privy Counsellors!” (The New-York Gazette and General Advertiser, August 31, 1798).

21. Thomas Paine, who was born in England, arrived in the United States in 1774, and in 1776 he wrote Common Sense. He went to Europe in 1787 and became a defender of the French Revolution. After he received French citizenship, he was elected to the National Convention in 1792. He left the Convention after the fall of the Girondins in 1793 and was imprisoned as an Englishman under a law providing for the arrest of nationals of countries at war with France. In November, 1794, Monroe secured Paine’s release by claiming him as an American citizen. In 1795 Paine returned to his seat in the Convention. He lived in Paris until 1802 when he returned to the United States.

In 1796 Paine criticized George Washington in his Letter to George Washington, President of the United States of America. On Affairs Public and Private (Philadelphia: Printed by Benjamin Franklin Bache, No. 112 Market Street, 1796). Eustace wrote concerning Paine’s Letter to George Washington: “The letter was not published at Paris; it may therefore be urged that Mr. Paine may very well have written this, or any other Libel, without the knowledge of the Minister in whose house he lodged; but this objection will not obtain, since it was publicly declared by J, O, and R, and by other of his dependents, that they had severally copied this Letter, in order to preclude, as far as they were able, any chance of miscarriage on the passage” (The New-York Gazette and General Advertiser, September 1, 1798). Paine signed the address to Monroe dated December 6, 1796 (Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive description begins James Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States, Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5 & 6 (Philadelphia: Printed by and for Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1797). description ends , 401–02).

22. Elijah Clark had been a brigadier general of the Georgia militia during the American Revolution. In 1793 he became involved in Genet’s abortive schemes against Spain and entered the French service as a major general. The next year he and citizens of Georgia unsuccessfully tried to erect a new state on lands reserved for the Creek Indians. See Edmund Randolph to William Bradford, H, and Henry Knox, July 11, 1794; H to Washington, July 13, 1794; “Conference Concerning the Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania,” August 2, 1794, note 16.

23. In 1793 William Tate was involved with Elijah Clark in Genet’s proposed attack against Florida and became a colonel in the service of France (Deposition of John S. Dart, clerk of the House of Representatives of South Carolina, December 9, 1793 [ASP description begins American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States (Washington, 1832–1861). description ends , Foreign Relations, I, 310]). After the failure of Genet’s plan, Tate went to France and led an unsuccessful expedition against Wales. He subsequently became interested in a possible attack on the Bermudas.

24. Marshall was the brother of John Marshall. After spending a year in Philadelphia in 1793, he went to Edinburgh and Paris to study. During the French Revolution he was imprisoned, and his brothers, John and James, obtained his release. Marshall signed the December 6, 1796, address to Monroe (Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive description begins James Monroe, A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States, Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5 & 6 (Philadelphia: Printed by and for Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1797). description ends , 401–02).

25. John B. Prevost was the stepson of Aaron Burr.

26. David Allison, a lawyer from North Carolina, moved to Nashville in 1790 and was appointed clerk of the Superior Court for the Mero district in December of that year (Carter, Territorial Papers description begins Clarence E. Carter, ed., The Territorial Papers of the United States (Washington, 1934–1952). description ends , IV, 442). In 1791 he became William Blount’s agent in Philadelphia for speculation in Government securities, and he also negotiated with wholesale merchants to supply stores in the Southwest Territory with goods. From 1796 to 1798 he was involved in land speculation and sold tracts to Robert Morris and James Wilson. The failure of these purchasers led to Allison’s bankruptcy and imprisonment in 1797 or 1798.

27. Thorn was a Vermont manufacturer.

28. Nathaniel Shaler was a New York City merchant. During the American Revolution, he was occasionally the business partner of Jeremiah Wadsworth and presumably also of John B. Church. Church, who was Elizabeth Hamilton’s brother-in-law, used the pseudonym John Carter in his partnership with Wadsworth during the Revolution. See Church to H, September 25, 1784.

29. William Temple Franklin, the grandson of Benjamin Franklin and the son of the Tory ex-governor of New Jersey, was born and educated in England. He settled in the United States in 1776 and spent several years with his grandfather in Europe. In October, 1790, he sailed for England and the Continent to act as Robert Morris’s representative for the sale of lands Morris owned in western New York, and he negotiated the sale of Morris’s lands in the Genesse country to William Pulteney, William Hornby, and Patrick Colquhoun.

30. Christopher Potter was elected to Parliament from Colchester in 1781, but was unseated for corrupt practices. He lost his seat again in 1784 for failing to meet the property qualifications required of members of Parliament. In 1789 he moved to Paris, where he established potteries. In 1793 the French imprisoned him, but three years later he delivered messages to James Harris, first Earl of Malmesbury, at Paris from Paul François Jean Nicolas Barras.

31. Auguste Lachaise was Genet’s agent in George Rogers Clark’s proposed expedition against Florida.

32. William Bache, the grandson of Benjamin Franklin and the brother of Benjamin Franklin Bache, received an M.D. in 1794 from the University of Pennsylvania. He then traveled to France and engaged in privateering.