47. TJ’s long association with the American Philosophical Society began with his election as a member in Jan. 1780. He was first elected a councillor in 1781, attended his first meeting in Mch. 1791, and served as the Society’s president from 1797 to 1815 (Papers, iv, 544-6 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Gilbert Chinard, “Jefferson and the American Philosophical Society,” Procs. Amer. Phil. Soc., lxxxvii [1943], 263-76).

48. The Philadelphia printers and booksellers Melchior Steiner and Charles Cist had several different locations in this period (Brown, Philadelphia Book Trade, p. 31, 113 description begins H. Glenn Brown and Maude O. Brown, A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820, New York, 1950 description ends ).

49.  William McIlhenny was a tailor at 36 Arch Street (Phila. Dir., 1785 description begins Philadelphia Directory, issued annually with varying imprints description ends ).

50.  Thomas Affleck (d. 1795) was the leading cabinet and chair maker of Philadelphia’s “Chippendale” school (Bjerkoe, Cabinetmakers, p. 21-2 description begins Ethel Hall Bjerkoe, The Cabinetmakers of America, New York, 1957 description ends ).

51.  William Mentz was a bookbinder, printer, and shopkeeper in Cherry Alley (Brown, Philadelphia Book Trade, p. 84 description begins H. Glenn Brown and Maude O. Brown, A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820, New York, 1950 description ends ).

52. Quarrier and Hunter, Philadelphia’s most prominent carriage makers, were located on Filbert Street between Seventh and Eighth streets. An entry concerning work for TJ in their daybook for 1783, “Painting phaeton green, crests on the back,” probably relates to a phaeton belonging to Richard Randolph, in which TJ apparently made this trip to Philadelphia (“The Carriages Our Ancestors Rode In,” PMHB, xxvii [1903], 373-4). Alexander Quarrier (c. 1746-1827) moved to Richmond, Va., in 1786, leaving in 1811 for Kanawha County in western Virginia, where he engaged in farming and experiments with steam-driven carriages (Latrobe, Virginia Journals, ii, 550 description begins Edward C. Carter II, ed., The Virginia Journals of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, New Haven, 1977, 2 vols. description ends ; TJ to William Burns, 7 June 1812).

53. The renowned botanic garden established in 1729 by the eminent botanist John Bartram was located in Kingsessing on the west bank of the Schuylkill River. At Bartram’s death in 1777 his son, John Bartram, Jr. (1743-1812), became the proprietor and later took his brother William Bartram (1739-1823) into partnership. TJ corresponded with both brothers and probably purchased a catalogue of the garden, first known to have been published in 1783. The house and garden, now within the limits of the city of Philadelphia, have been preserved as part of the city park system (Joseph Ewan, ed., William Bartram: Botanical and Zoological Drawings, 1756-1788 [Philadelphia, 1968], p. 15-18; Eberlein and Hubbard, Philadelphia, p. 226-44 description begins Harold Donaldson Eberlein and Cortlandt Van Dyke Hubbard, Portrait of a Colonial City: Philadelphia, 1670-1838, Philadelphia, 1939 description ends ). TJ probably crossed the pontoon bridge at Gray’s ferry (Jackson, Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, iii, 666-8 description begins Joseph Jackson, Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Pa., 1930-1933, 4 vols. description ends ).

54. Persian was a fine silk lining fabric printed with a floral pattern (Fairchild’s Dictionary of Textiles, p. 449 description begins Isabel B. Wingate, Fairchild’s Dictionary of Textiles, 6th ed., New York, 1979 description ends ).

55. These funds were for TJ’s use as a member of the commission named by Congress to negotiate peace with England. On 26 Jan. TJ and Major David Franks, his secretary, departed Philadelphia for Baltimore, where they expected to board a French vessel for the trip abroad.

56.  François Marbois, later Marquis de Barbé-Marbois, whose twenty-two queries about Virginia brought forth TJ’s Notes on Virginia description begins Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1955 description ends , was secretary of the French legation at Philadelphia (Papers, iv, 166-7 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

57. TJ had been staying at Mary House’s boardinghouse at the corner of Fifth and Market streets since 28 Dec. 1782. Here, where he lodged during his succeeding Philadelphia visits in 1783 and 1784, TJ began a lifelong friendship with the widow House’s daughter, Eliza House Trist. Other boarders at this time were James Madison, Daniel Carroll, Ralph Izard, and William Floyd of New York and his family (Papers, vi, 226 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Madison, Papers, vi, 182 description begins The Papers of James Madison, ed. William T. Hutchinson and others, vols. 1-10, Chicago, 1962-1977, vols. 11-, Charlottesville, Va., 1977- description ends ).

58.  Porter’s mill was in Cecil County, Md., on Octoraro Creek about three miles from its junction with the Susquehanna River. Misinformed at Newport, Del., about the closing of the Susquehanna Lower Ferry, TJ and Franks made an unnecessary two-day detour in order to cross higher up the river (Griffith, Map of Maryland description begins Dennis Griffith, Map of the State of Maryland, Philadelphia, 1794 description ends ; TJ to James Madison, 31 Jan. 1783).

59. Peach Bottom is on the Susquehanna River in Lancaster County, Pa., about three miles north of the Maryland border.

60.  Daniel Grant (1733-1816) had in 1773 opened the Fountain Inn, long a landmark on the northeast corner of Light Street and Lovely Lane (now German Street) in Baltimore. From 1795 it was owned and operated by James Bryden (J. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County, Maryland [1881, repr. Baltimore, 1971], p. 514-15; Matthew P. Andrews, The Fountain Inn Diary [New York, 1948], p. 13, 60-4).

61. First the weather and then the risk of capture by British naval forces delayed TJ’s departure for France. The Romulus, the French warship on which he was to take passage, lay twelve miles below Baltimore. In order to learn the plans of its commander, M. de La Villebrune, on 6 Feb. TJ “got a boat and attempted a passage” to the ship, where he spent the night. British naval activity prevented any immediate departure and on 14 Feb. TJ received news of a probable provisional peace settlement. Now fairly certain that he would no longer be expected to go to France, he nevertheless remained in a state of suspense about his mission until 24 Mch., when confirmation of the signing of a peace treaty reached Philadelphia. On 1 Apr. he was released from his commission as a peace negotiator (TJ to James Madison, 7 Feb. 1783 and 14 Feb. 1783; TJ to Robert Livingston, 7 Feb. 1783 and 14 Feb. 1783; “Resolution of Congress,” 1 Apr. 1783).

62. These handbills were no doubt copies of the 5 Dec. 1782 speech of George III, the first solid evidence of a probable peace settlement. TJ noted that it was published in Baltimore on this date (TJ to Edmund Randolph, 15 Feb. 1783; Papers, vi, 238 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

63.  Haym Salomon was a Polish Jew who had emigrated to New York City and then Philadelphia, where he was a leading financier and strong supporter of the Revolution (Charles E. Russell, Haym Salomon and the Revolution [New York, 1930]).

64.  William Pritchard was an auctioneer, bookseller, and librarian in Market Street opposite Laetitia Court (Brown, Philadelphia Book Trade, p. 98 description begins H. Glenn Brown and Maude O. Brown, A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820, New York, 1950 description ends ).

65. TJ’s reason for going to Chestnut Hill, now within the limits of the city of Philadelphia but then a village about ten miles northwest of the city center, is not known.

66. Sal prunella, or prunella, was a preparation of saltpeter burned over charcoal, usually used to treat throat disorders (OED).

67. A capuchin was a woman’s outer garment consisting of a cloak and hood.

68. This is probably James McHenry of Maryland, who served in Congress from May 1783.

69.  David Salisbury Franks (c. 1740-1793), a Canadian Jew who had been aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold before his treason, was to have accompanied TJ to France as his private secretary. He was in Europe from 1784 to 1787, combining private business with a number of minor public appointments as vice consul, courier, and secretary (Hersch L. Zitt, “David Salisbury Franks, Revolutionary Patriot,” Pennsylvania History, xvi [1949], 77-95). For TJ’s opinion of Franks, see TJ to James Madison, 14 Feb. 1783, 30 Jan. 1787.

70.  John Wood, Jr., was a clockmaker and merchant at Fourth and Chestnut streets (Pennsylvania Gazette, 18 June 1783).

71. At least from 1791, Hollingsworth’s tavern in Elkton, Md., was kept by Jacob Hollingsworth, with whom TJ corresponded on agricultural matters and through whom he hired some of his overseers (MB 18 June 1793; Cecil County Minute Book, 11 Mch. 1791, Hall of Records of Maryland, Annapolis; Colles, Roads, p. 172 description begins Christopher Colles, A Survey of the Roads of the United States of America, 1789, ed. Walter W. Ristow, Cambridge, Mass., 1961 description ends ).

72.  D. Durbin is shown living in 1789 on the Harford County side of the Susquehanna Lower Ferry, near present Havre de Grace, Md. (Colles, Roads, p. 173 description begins Christopher Colles, A Survey of the Roads of the United States of America, 1789, ed. Walter W. Ristow, Cambridge, Mass., 1961 description ends ).

73. This is probably the tavern, spelled “Aukard’s” by Colles and “Urquhart’s” by Griffith, on the south bank of the Severn River near present Dorr’s Corners, Anne Arundel County, Md. (Colles, Roads, p. 178; Griffith, Map of Maryland description begins Christopher Colles, A Survey of the Roads of the United States of America, 1789, ed. Walter W. Ristow, Cambridge, Mass., 1961 description ends ).

74. Queen Anne was a travellers’ stopping place on the Patuxent River about a mile south of present State Route 214 in Prince Georges County (Böÿe, Map of Virginia description begins Herman Böÿe, Map of the State of Virginia, 1825, corrected 1859, repr. in E. M. Sanchez-Saavedra, A Description of the Country: Virginia Cartographers and Their Maps, 1607-1881, Richmond, 1975 description ends ).

75.  Laidler’s ferry, about fourteen miles below Port Tobacco, crossed the Potomac River from lower Cedar Point in Charles County, Md., to King George County, Va. (Diaries of George Washington, ii, 87, iii, 40 description begins The Diaries of George Washington, ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, Charlottesville, Va., 1976-1979, 6 vols. description ends ).

76.  Edmund Pendleton’s residence Edmundsbury was located about eight miles southeast of Bowling Green, Caroline County. Littlepage’s bridge crossed the Pamunkey River from the southern tip of Caroline County to Hanover County (Mays, Pendleton, i, map facing p. 34 description begins Daniel J. Mays, Edmund Pendleton, 1721-1803, Cambridge, Mass., 1952, 2 vols. description ends ).

77. For the horse Sprightly, see Betts, Farm Book, p. 94 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, ed. Edwin M. Betts, Princeton, N.J., 1953 description ends .

78.  Vincent Rose (Vincenzo Rossi) was a Tuscan farm laborer who had come to Virginia with Philip Mazzei in 1773. He married, settled, and prospered in Albemarle County (Mazzei, Life, p. 198, 216-17 description begins Philip Mazzei: My Life and Wanderings, trans. S. Eugene Scalia, ed. Margherita Marchione, Morristown, N.J., 1980 description ends ; TJ to Charles Bellini, 24 Apr. 1799).

79.  John Key, who had succeeded Thomas Garth in the fall of 1782, was steward of all TJ’s property until the end of 1784.

80. Old’s Forge was located about ten miles southwest of Charlottesville on the north fork of Hardware River. John Old (d. 1809) was one of the founding members of the Albemarle Furnace Company, formed in 1771 with TJ as one of its shareholders. The iron ore was mined in the vicinity of present North Garden (Woods, Albemarle, p. 56-7, 291-2 description begins Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. Bridgewater, Va., n.d. description ends ; Wilbur A. Nelson, Geology and Mineral Resources of Albemarle County [Charlottesville, Va., 1962], p. 69).

81. The bond of this date is printed in Papers, vi, 340-1 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends . TJ finally paid off this debt in 1808 (MB 13 June 1808).

82. TJ had been elected to Congress on 6 June. He and his daughter Martha, with the servant James Hemings, took a western route to Philadelphia through the Shenandoah Valley, where TJ wished to examine some caverns he later described in Notes on Virginia description begins Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1955 description ends . He stayed for four days with Isaac Zane south of Winchester (Notes on Virginia, p. 21-3 description begins Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1955 description ends ; TJ to Zane, 17 June, 8 Nov. 1783). TJ’s route to Frederick, Md., can be followed on a probably contemporaneous MS itinerary with mileages in ViU (FC-2592).

83. TJ appears to have crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap. There was a “Hays’ tavern” on the eastern side of this gap in 1802 (TJ itinerary, ViU; W. L. McAtee, “Journal of Benjamin Smith Barton on a Visit to Virginia, 1802,” Castanea, iii [1938], 96-7).

84. Madison’s Cave (see MB 21 Aug. 1771, cash accounts).

85.  Gabriel Jones lived five miles from Madison’s Cave on the Shenandoah River near present Port Republic in Rockingham County (TJ itinerary, ViU; Waddell, Augusta County, p. 81-3).

86.  Abraham Savage kept an ordinary in Woodstock, Shenandoah County (Shenandoah County Court Order Book, 1781-1784, p. 77, Shenandoah County Courthouse, Woodstock, Va.).

87. This was TJ’s first visit to Harpers Ferry. He climbed a hill behind the tavern on the south bank of the Potomac River to view what he described as “perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in nature” (TJ to Horatio Spafford, 14 May 1809; Notes on Virginia, p. 19 description begins Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1955 description ends ). A painting of the scene, given TJ by the artist William Roberts in 1809, hung in the dining room at Monticello (Catalogue of Paintings, No. 81 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s “Catalogue of Paintings &c. at Monticello,” c. 1815. ViU description ends ).

88.  Yesterday’s tavern was in Frederick County, Md., halfway between Harpers Ferry and Frederick (TJ itinerary, ViU).

89. There was a Ship tavern in Chester County just west of present Downingtown on the road between Lancaster and Philadelphia (Reading Howell, Map of the State of Pennsylvania, 1792; Julius F. Sachse, The Wayside Inns on the Lancaster Roadside between Philadelphia and Lancaster [Lancaster, Pa., 1912], p. 8).

90.  Benjamin Condy (d. 1798) was a maker of navigational instruments whose shop was on South Front Street, Philadelphia (Bedini, Scientific Instruments, p. 59 description begins Silvio A. Bedini, Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers, Washington, D.C., 1964 description ends ).

91.  TJ’s Index, 1783-1790, does not reveal which of the sons of the botanist John Bartram he dealt with. Isaac, Moses, and John Bartram, Jr., were all apothecaries in Philadelphia in this period.

92. Neshaminy Creek, Bucks County, Pa.

93. Shortly before reaching Philadelphia TJ had learned that Congress, which had been meeting since June in Princeton, had decided to move to Annapolis. On 4 Nov. he attended the second day of Congress, which adjourned that evening to meet in Annapolis on 26 Nov. TJ may have spent the night of 4 Nov. in a room rented to delegates in the house of Thomas Stockton, a leading Princeton merchant (TJ to Isaac Zane, 8 Nov. 1783; Varnum L. Collins, The Continental Congress at Princeton [Princeton, N.J., 1908], p. 120, 196-7).

94. Dr. Thomas Wiggins (1731-1801), a native of Southold, Long Island, and a Yale graduate, was a highly esteemed practitioner of medicine who resided in the Brick House on Witherspoon Street, Princeton (Stephen Wickes, History of Medicine in New Jersey [Newark, N.J., 1879], p. 433-4).

95.  Archibald McElroy (d. 1806) had recently opened the Cross Keys tavern in Bristol, Bucks County, Pa. The building still stands at the corner of Radcliffe and Market streets (Terry A. McNealy, Bucks County Historical Society, to Editors, 19 Sep. 1980).

96. The Red Lion tavern, on Poquessing Creek in Bucks County, was about twelve miles northeast of Philadelphia on the road to Trenton (Colles, Roads, p. 161 description begins Christopher Colles, A Survey of the Roads of the United States of America, 1789, ed. Walter W. Ristow, Cambridge, Mass., 1961 description ends ).

97.  Daniel Boinod and Alexander Gaillard were booksellers on Second Street near Vine Street (Brown, Philadelphia Book Trade, p. 21 description begins H. Glenn Brown and Maude O. Brown, A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820, New York, 1950 description ends ).

98. TJ may have attended on 11 Nov. the second in a series of fortnightly concerts in the “Lodge Room” of the Masonic Lodge at the corner of Exchange and Lodge streets. They were presented in this and the following winter by the English harpsichordist John Bentley (Pennsylvania Packet, 6 Nov. 1783; Cripe, Jefferson and Music, p. 18-19).

99.  Gaspard Cenas, a dancing master from Paris, advertised that he would give lessons at his lodgings at the Sign of the Golden Swan on Third Street, or in private dwellings (Pennsylvania Gazette, 18 Apr. 1783). TJ was leaving his daughter Martha in Philadelphia so that she might acquire “a little taste and execution in such of the fine arts as she could not prosecute to equal advantage in a more retired situation” (TJ to Marbois, 5 Dec. 1783). Besides the dancing master, TJ engaged for her a tutor in French, John Bentley for music, and Pierre Eugène Du Simitière for drawing. She lived with Mrs. Thomas Hopkinson, mother of TJ’s friend Francis Hopkinson (see TJ to James Monroe, 18 Nov. 1783; TJ to Martha Jefferson, 28 Nov. 1783; Hopkinson to TJ, 4 Jan. 1784).

1.  Thomas Bradford was publisher of the semiweekly Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser (Brigham, History, ii, 937-40 description begins Clarence S. Brigham, A History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1920, 2 vols. description ends ).

2. TJ bought from Dr. Robert Bass, Philadelphia physician and apothecary, a type of electrophorus, an instrument for producing electric charges through electrostatic induction. Ezra Stiles recorded TJ’s report on this “new simple apparatus for Electricity,” which consisted of a “Cake or Amber-like plate” fifteen inches in diameter and a plate of metal (“Extract from the Diary of Ezra Stiles,” 8 June 1784, Papers, vii, 303).

3.  Francis Bailey was an engraver, typefounder, printer, and bookseller in Market Street (Brown, Philadelphia Book Trade, p. 15).

4.  Benjamin Dudley was an ingenious British artisan who had been invited to Philadelphia by Robert Morris to undertake work in the proposed U.S. mint (Papers, vii, 153-5 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

5.  Hugh Williamson (1735-1819) was at this time a delegate to Congress from North Carolina.

6.  Jacquelin Ambler (1742-1798) was treasurer of Virginia from 1782 until his death. TJ repaid the money he borrowed of Madison in Philadelphia and Annapolis with the order of 11 May 1784 and by purchases, especially books, in Paris.

7.  John Davidson was an Annapolis merchant, common councilman, and member of the committee named to locate accommodations for the delegates to the Congress (Bevan, “TJ in Annapolis,” p. 117).

8. Until he began boarding with Mrs. Ghiselin on 4 Jan., TJ probably took his meals at George Mann’s hotel, the present Masonic Lodge on the corner of Main and Conduit streets. This hotel was the site of the public dinner given 22 Dec. in honor of George Washington, who formally resigned as Commander-in-Chief the next day (Papenfuse, Maryland, p. 343-4 description begins Maryland: A New Guide to the Old Line State, comp. and ed. Edward C. Papenfuse and others, Baltimore, 1976 description ends ; Papers, vi, 403-4 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to Benjamin Harrison, 24 Dec. 1783).

9.  Samuel House, brother of Eliza House Trist, had recently returned to Philadelphia, where he established himself as a merchant (Papers, vi, 373 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Madison, Papers, vii, 309-10 description begins The Papers of James Madison, ed. William T. Hutchinson and others, vols. 1-10, Chicago, 1962-1977, vols. 11-, Charlottesville, Va., 1977- description ends ).

10.  John Brewer (d. 1788) kept a tavern and rooming house on Cornhill Street (Bevan, “TJ in Annapolis,” p. 118).