91Thomas Jefferson to James Hamilton (1786–1857), 9 September 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
. Following the outbreak of the War of 1812, he served in the ; suggests that the War of 1812 was necessary to improve the relationship between the
92Samuel Taylor to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 4 September 1821] (Jefferson Papers)
served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. He was made a director of the
93Daniel Sheffey to Thomas Jefferson, 30 August 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
opposed the War of 1812 and supported rechartering the
94Enclosure: Isaac Chauncey to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 20 July 1818, enclosure no. 2 in James Leander Cathcart to … (Jefferson Papers)
at the start of the War of 1812. His successful building campaign increased the American fleet on the
95Thomas J. Gantt to Thomas Jefferson, 24 August 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
; arguing that during the War of 1812 Americans had “emulated the devotedness, and eclipsed the valor that had made us free and independent” (p. 29); praising the officers of that conflict; and ending with the hope that the nation’s institutions and political... ...events of 4 July 1776; listing and hailing officers from the American Revolution and War of 1812; and concluding with the belief...
96Thomas Whittemore to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 14 August 1821] (Jefferson Papers)
..., which on this day, exalted and proclaimed the character of our country” (p. 5); stressing the importance of national unity during the American Revolution and for the preservation of American prosperity and strength; arguing that the War of 1812 “was a necessary consequence growing out of the conduct of
97To James Madison from Edmond Kelly, [ca. 17] July 1821 (Madison Papers)
John Cleves Symmes Jr. (1780–1829), a former U.S. Army captain and veteran of the War of 1812, proposed in 1818 the idea that the earth was “hollow, and habitable within,” and promoted his theory vigorously until his death (Duane A. Griffin, “Hollow and Habitable
98Charles Pinckney to Thomas Jefferson, 6 July 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
. Hamilton was a lieutenant when his regiment was ordered to engage the American forces during the War of 1812. When he refused, he was held as a prisoner of war until the end of hostilities. In 1818 Hamilton received a commission in
99To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 26 June 1821 (Madison Papers)
U.S. Army in the War of 1812
100To James Madison from Joseph Gales Jr., 22 June 1821 (Madison Papers)
The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study
101From James Madison to Joseph Gales Jr., 12 June 1821 (Madison Papers)
in wch. he expresses a particular desire to possess in the Newspaper form a series of papers published by him during the war of 1812, under the title of Conciliator. He remarks that they were republished in the Intelligencer, and that you sent him the 3 first numbers, with your exordium. From what he says I infer that he will be very...
102Thomas Jefferson to Lewis Cass, 31 May 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
during the War of 1812, seeing active duty on the northern frontier and attaining the rank of brigadier general. In 1813 President
103To James Madison from James Monroe, 19 May 1821 (Madison Papers)
...1831) of Dinwiddie County, Virginia, served in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1797–1801 and 1813–15, and in the state Senate, 1804–8. He was a major general in the state militia during the War of 1812 and served briefly in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1818–19. He was appointed U.S. marshal for the eastern district of Virginia in April 1821. He died in a riverboat accident on the...
104Benjamin de Chastellier to Thomas Jefferson, 2 May 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
and the War of 1812 (
105John F. Cocke to Thomas Jefferson, 1 May 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
. He served as a captain of militia cavalry during the War of 1812 and supported A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812
106Thomas May (for John Ayers & Company) to Thomas Jefferson, 9 April 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
. During the War of 1812 Thayer served as a paymaster and quartermaster in the Massachusetts volunteer militia. He had his own grocery business in
107Thomas Jefferson’s Conveyance of Limestone Tract to Abraham Hawley, 28 February 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
by 1810 and served as a private in the Virginia militia during the War of 1812. He sold lime to TJ between 1818 and 1822, and in 1820 he was paid for work done at the Virginia Militia in the War of 1812: From Rolls in the Auditor’s Office at Richmond
108Timothy Pickering to Thomas Jefferson, 12 February 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
, 1813–17, where he opposed the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Pickering retired to his farm in
109William Barret to Thomas Jefferson, 6 February 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
and served with that unit during the War of 1812. In 1816 Barret partnered with
110Jared Mansfield to Thomas Jefferson, 26 January 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
in 1812, and after being diverted to supervise the construction of fortifications during the War of 1812, he taught there from 1814 until resigning in 1828. Mansfield moved thereafter to
111To James Madison from William Thornton, 20 January 1821 (Madison Papers)
..., in the U.S. Senate, 1819–1829, and as vice president of the United States, 1836–40. He supported the Madison administration, and raised two regiments of mounted volunteers, commanding troops in several engagements during the War of 1812, including the Battle of the Thames, where he is said to have killed Tecumseh (
112Horace H. Hayden to Thomas Jefferson, 6 January 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
licensed him as a dentist. During the War of 1812 Hayden served as a sergeant and assistant surgeon in
113Thomas Jefferson to Tarlton Saunders, 3 January 1821 (Jefferson Papers)
companies of the Virginia militia during the War of 1812, and he bought flour from TJ through Virginia Militia in the War of 1812: From Rolls in the Auditor’s Office at Richmond
114To James Madison from John Tayloe, 1 December 1820 (Madison Papers)
on the route between Washington and Aquia Creek near Fredricksburg. The $40,000 ship was built in New York under the direction of Robert Fulton in 1813 but owing to the War of 1812 did not make its maiden voyage until 1815. Competition with the Alexandria and Norfolk Steam Boat Company drove the Potomac company out of business in 1822 (Donald G. Shomette,
115To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 13 November 1820 (Madison Papers)
John Minor (1761–1816) was a lawyer and veteran of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, who made his home at Hazel Hill in Fredericksburg (Tyler,
116To James Madison from Edmond Kelly, 26 September 1820 (Madison Papers)
David Trimble (1782–1842), born in Virginia and educated at the College of William and Mary, was a War of 1812 veteran and a Kentucky Republican who served in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1817–27 (
117Tobias Watkins to Thomas Jefferson, 16 September 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
served as an army surgeon during the War of 1812 and as an assistant surgeon general, 1818–21. He was also a prominent Freemason. By 1822
118To James Madison from Charles Pinckney, 2 September 1820 (Madison Papers)
...17, 1819–25, and 1827–29, and in the U.S. Senate, 1825–27. A powerful voice for the Republican party during the first Jefferson administration, Randolph openly opposed JM for president in 1808 and opposed the War of 1812. He briefly served as U.S. minister to Russia in 1830 (Bruce,
119Peter F. Fritez to Thomas Jefferson, 1 September 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
was also a sergeant in the militia during the War of 1812, a longtime member of the
120To James Madison from Andrew Ramsay, 30 August 1820 (Madison Papers)
The Rev. William Hawley (d. 1845) was a veteran of the War of 1812 who served as the second rector of St. John’s Church in Washington from 1817 until his death (Van Horne,
121Thomas Jefferson to William Gray, 13 August 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
’s administration during the War of 1812.
122To James Madison from Jacob De La Motta, 7 August 1820 (Madison Papers)
...in Savannah, Georgia, but spent most of his life in Charleston, South Carolina. He received his medical education in Philadelphia and held a commission as surgeon in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812. He was active in local politics and was a contributor to the scientific and literary discourse of his time. Among the many community and charitable organizations of which he was a member...
123To James Madison from Andrew Ramsay, 5 August 1820 (Madison Papers)
George Graham (ca. 1772–1830) was a veteran of the War of 1812 from Dumfries, Virginia, who served as chief clerk in the War Department, 1814–18. In 1818 he was sent as a special agent to Texas. He was president of the Washington branch of the Second Bank of...
124To James Madison from Joseph Wheaton, 1 July 1820 (Madison Papers)
For Wheaton’s detailed reports of his experiences during the War of 1812, see his letters to JM of 10, 23, 29, and 31 Dec. 1812, 3 and 8 Jan., 10, 12, and 26 Feb., 26 Apr., and 1 May 1813 (
125Samuel Garland to Thomas Jefferson, 15 June 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
, where he served in the county militia during the War of 1812 and established a legal practice. During his long and successful business career, he lived in a mansion on
126Joseph Gilmore to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 14 June 1820] (Jefferson Papers)
was away on military service during the War of 1812. He transported goods to and from
127To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 17 May 1820 (Madison Papers)
Robert Barraud Taylor (1774–1834) was a Norfolk lawyer, a veteran of the War of 1812, and a member of the original board of visitors of the University of Virginia, serving from 1819 to 1822 (Tyler,
128To James Madison from Alexander Tunstall, 10 May 1820 (Madison Papers)
Charles K. Mallory (1781–1820) was a Virginia legislator and lieutenant governor of the state during the War of 1812. In 1814 JM appointed him customs collector of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and he held this post until his death (
129Thomas Jefferson to Henry Meigs, 5 April 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
, where he resided for the remainder of his life. Meigs volunteered for city defense during the War of 1812. In 1818 he served in the lower house of the
130John C. Wells to Thomas Jefferson, 27 March 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
. During the War of 1812 he entered the
131To James Madison from Martin Van Buren, 15 March 1820 (Madison Papers)
Daniel D. Tompkins (1774–1825) was governor of New York, 1807–17, and vice president of the United States, 1817–25. A strong supporter of JM’s administration and the War of 1812, Tompkins bolstered his state’s war effort with his personal fortune but bitterly disappointed JM by refusing the president’s offer to become secretary of state in 1814 (
132To James Madison from Edmond Kelly, [post–20] February 1821 (Madison Papers)
John Floyd (1783–1837) of Jefferson County, Virginia (now West Virginia), was educated at Dickinson College and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. A veteran of the War of 1812, Floyd served in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1817–29, and as governor of Virginia, 1830–34 (Sobel and Raimo,
133John A. Dix’s Diary Account of his Monticello Visit, 19 February [1820], document 1 in a group of documents on John A. … (Jefferson Papers)
to fight in the War of 1812.
134William H. Crawford to Thomas Jefferson, 12 February 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
remained in command of the army’s Northern Division following the conclusion of the War of 1812. In 1820 he visited TJ at
135To James Madison from James Barbour, 10 February 1820 (Madison Papers)
...the U.S. House of Representatives, 1797–1801, the Massachusetts legislature, 1802–17, and the U.S. Senate, 1817–22. An active Federalist, he was a leader in the opposition to JM’s administration and the War of 1812, as well as spokesman for the Hartford Convention of 1814. In the debates over the Missouri question, he took a leading part against the extension of slavery into the territories.
136To James Madison from James Monroe, 5 February 1820 (Madison Papers)
...United States in 1803. He stood as the Federalist vice presidential candidate in 1804 and 1808, and as the Federalist presidential candidate in 1816. As U.S. senator, 1813–24, he opposed JM’s administration and the War of 1812; later, he opposed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and was outspoken in his attacks on the extension of slavery (
137To James Madison from Francis Preston, 30 January 1820 (Madison Papers)
...Representatives, 1793–97, and represented Washington County, Virginia, in the House of Delegates, 1812–14, and in the state Senate, 1817–20. He rose to the rank of major general in the state militia during the War of 1812 (
138John S. Skinner to Thomas Jefferson, 30 January 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
appointed him inspector of European mail for that city during the War of 1812, and he soon also became an agent for British prisoners of war. Moving to
139Binney & Ludlow to Thomas Jefferson, 24 January 1820 (Jefferson Papers)
, and seeing combat in several skirmishes during the War of 1812. He resigned from the army in 1814, returned permanently to
140From John Adams to William E. Richmond, 14 December 1819 (Adams Papers)
I am Old enough to remember the War of 1745, and its end—the War of 1755—and its close—the War of 1775, and its termination—the War of 1812, and its Pacification. every one of these Wars has been followed by a general distress Embarrassments on Commerce distruction of Manufactures, fall of the Price of Produce and of Lands similar to these we feel at the present...