35. French diplomat and publicist Antoine Marie Cerisier (1749-1828) had recently arrived in Paris with a letter of recommendation to TJ from John Adams. Since the autumn invasion of Holland by the Prussian army in support of the Stadholder, Paris was full of ardent members of the defeated Patriot party like Cerisier and Jacob Van Staphorst (Papers, xii, 397 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to W. C. Nicholas, 5 Dec. 1796). The Analyse des papiers anglois, the Comte de Mirabeau’s political sheet, was being used at this time by Mirabeau’s collaborator, Brissot de Warville, as an organ of the Societé des Amis des Noirs, formally organized in Feb. 1788 (Hatin, Bibliographie, p. 66 description begins Eugene Hatin, Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse periodique française, 1866, repr. Turin, 1960 description ends ). For TJ’s reasons for not joining this anti-slave-trade society, of which Cerisier was one of the twelve founders, see TJ to Brissot de Warville, 11 Feb. 1788.

36. The elderly and ceremonious Guy Claude, Comte de Sarsfield (1718-1789), a long-time friend of John Adams, was often to be found at the tables of the French “Americans” such as Malesherbes and La Rochefoucauld (TJ to Abigail Adams, 1 July 1787; Sarsfield to TJ, 23 Jan. 1788; Adams, Diary, ii, 380-1 description begins Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, 4 vols. description ends ).

37. For the china TJ ordered, see TJ to William Macarty, 20 June 1787, and Macarty to TJ, 21 Jan. 1788.

38. The program of this concert included a Haydn symphony and works by Sarti, Paisiello, Devienne, Jean Lefèvre, Henri Berton, Niccolo Mestrino, and C. A. Vion (Journal de Paris, 2 Feb. 1788).

39. In repayment for Madeira, copying presses, and books procured by TJ (see account in TJ to Poirey, 22 Jan. 1788).

40. This wine cost 441₶–10. The Meursault was Goutte d’Or 1784 (MB 28 Apr. 1788; TJ to Parent, 17 Dec. 1787; Parent to TJ, 3 Feb. 1788).

41. These were ceps de vigne of the great wine grapes of Burgundy (TJ to Parent, 13 Mch. 1787; Parent to TJ, 3 Feb. 1788).

42. “Petites affiches” was the common name of Annonces, affiches et avis divers, ou Journal général de France, edited by Abbé Jean Louis Aubert. This daily Paris newspaper printed advertisements of property for sale or rent, notices of commercial novelties and cultural events, and announcements of new books. TJ had been a subscriber at least as early as 1787 and perhaps since his arrival in Paris (Hatin, Bibliographie, p. 19 description begins Eugene Hatin, Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse periodique française, 1866, repr. Turin, 1960 description ends ; receipt for subscription to “Affiches de Paris,” 9 Feb. 1787, MHi).

43. This account is in William S. Smith to TJ, 22 Feb. 1788, first of that date.

44. Mary Jefferson was sick at this time (William Short to TJ, 6 Mch. 1788). The English doctor Richard Gem (1717-1800) was intimate with TJ in Paris and closely involved in the political discussions of 1788 and 1789. Many years later TJ recalled Gem as the ablest physician he had ever encountered (TJ to James Madison, 13 Jan. 1821; Papers, xv, 384-7 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

45. Actually a watch and a pedometer (TJ to James Madison, 8 Feb. 1786, 8 Oct. 1787, 6 Feb. 1788).

46. For the Provençal foodstuffs TJ received, see TJ to Stephen Cathalan, 13 Nov. 1787, and Cathalan to TJ, 25 Jan. 1788.

47. The account which Abigail Adams was settling before leaving Europe is in TJ to Mrs. Adams, 2 Feb. 1788. In 1782 M. C. Pahin de La Blancherie (1752-1811) had induced John Adams to become a member of his “Correspondance Générale et Gratuite pour les Sciences et les Arts,” ambitiously intended as an international collaboration of artists and savants. The society and its weekly publication operated at irregular intervals from 1778 to 1788 (Adams to TJ, 6 Sep. 1787; La Blancherie to TJ, 3 Nov. 1787; TJ to Adams, 20 Feb. 1788; Thiéry, Guide, ii, 356-9 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ). Ubiquitous American speculator Daniel Parker (d. 1829), who travelled often between Paris and London, was a useful mode of conveyance on several occasions (Yvon Bizardel, Les Américains à Paris sous Louis XVI et pendant la révolution [Paris, 1978], p. 141-2).

48. See MB 13 Feb. 1788.

49. On 2 Mch. TJ had learned that John Adams was at the Hague taking official leave before returning to America. He immediately decided to join Adams in Holland to confer on the best means of bolstering the shaky financial credit of the United States (TJ to Adams, 2 Mch. 1788; TJ to John Jay, 13 and 16 Mch. 1788; TJ to George Washington, 2 May 1788; Malone, Jefferson, ii, 187-91 description begins Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, Boston, 1948-1981, 6 vols. description ends ). TJ travelled in his own carriage, using post horses, and took with him his manservant Espagnol and his portable copying press. Of the several additional sources on this journey, TJ’s “Notes of a Tour through Holland and the Rhine Valley” and “Hints to Americans Travelling in Europe” will be cited repeatedly in the footnotes (Papers, xiii, 8-36, 264-76 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). See also Kimball, Jefferson, iii, 218-41, and Dumbauld, Jefferson Tourist, p. 110-24 description begins Edward Dumbauld, Thomas Jefferson, American Tourist, Norman, Okla., 1946 description ends . In MHi there are fifty-four pages of miscellaneous items concerning this trip, including tavern and merchants’ bills, Espagnol’s accounts, suggested itineraries, and a four-page rough account from which TJ transcribed MB entries 4 Mch. to 28 Apr. Significant differences between this account and the MB will be noted.

50. TJ donned the colors of William v, Prince of Orange, not in sympathy but out of necessity. “From the day when the Stadtholder’s Party . . . had dominated the Patriots’ Party, both conquerors and conquered had worn a piece of orange ribbon in either their buttonhole or their hat. Women attached a small piece to the end of their belt or to their fichu, and servants wore it as a cockade” (Memoirs of Madame de La Tour du Pin, ed. Felice Harcourt [New York, 1971], p. 161). Anyone failing to wear the cockade was subject to the insults of a clamorous street population (T. L. Shippen to TJ, 29 May 1788; note to C.W.F. Dumas to TJ, 30 May 1788).

51. At Haarlem TJ saw the almost completed country house of Amsterdam banker Henry Hope (Papers, xiii, xxvii, 11-12, and illustration facing p. 16 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

52. Like several other Americans in this period TJ was probably transported up the River Ij in a yacht by one of the friendly Dutch bankers to the United States. Their destination was the picturesque village of Zaandam, often then called Saardam, noted for the striking costumes of its inhabitants and the wooden hut where Peter the Great had lived when he practiced ship-building (Letters of Mrs. Adams, p. 302 description begins Letters of Mrs. Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, 4th ed., Boston, 1848 description ends ; Morris, Diary, i, 450 description begins Gouverneur Morris, A Diary of the French Revolution, ed. Beatrix Cary Davenport, Boston, 1939, 2 vols. description ends ; T. L. Shippen travel journal, 8 June 1788, DLC: Shippen Papers).

53. Waffles apparently became a culinary fixture at Monticello. There is a recipe for Monticello waffles in Septimia Meikleham’s manuscript cookbook in the Monticello archives.

54.  Drinkgeld, gratuity.

55. A “Wooden Screw press for Letters” (André Limozin to TJ, 9 Apr. 1788).

56.  Agio was the premium borne by banco or bank money, as opposed to current money.

57. Rough account (MHi) reads, “Pd. for the roof of boat to Utrecht.”

58. Het Wapen van Amsterdam (the Amsterdam Arms) was at the corner of Rusland and the Kloveniersburgwal (Papers, xiii, xxvi-xxvii and illustration facing p. 16 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). The itemized hotel bill indicates that TJ drank Graves and Moselle wine with his dinners and, for the second half of his stay, drank hot chocolate instead of coffee for breakfast (MHi).

59. TJ placed strictly personal purchases (the books, china, and so forth) on his own account; entertainment, charity, sightseeing, and miscellaneous expenses were chargeable to the United States (see TJ to William Short, 28 July 1791, for his policy for charging travel expenses).

60. At Nijmegen TJ saw the Romanesque palace of the Carolingian emperors, now in ruins, and climbed the seventeenth-century Belvedere to enjoy the view (Papers , xiii, 12, 264 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

61. TJ left the more travelled west bank road to Düsseldorf, crossed the Rhine at Essenburg, and stopped in Duisburg. Here he was searching for a site that to this day has not been determined, the spot where in 9 A.D. the Germans under Arminius defeated the legions of Quinctilius Varus and arrested the expansion of the Roman empire east of the Rhine. TJ’s own inquiries were frustrated by the language barrier, but the disputed site of the battle of Teutoburger Wald is generally agreed to be in the vicinity of Detmold, about one hundred miles farther east (Papers, xiii, 13, 264 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

62. TJ visited the gallery of paintings in the palace of the Palatinate Elector. He called this collection “sublime” and “precious,” not because of the “old faded red things” of Rubens, but because of the apartment devoted to the paintings of Adriaen van der Werff; Carlo Dolci was also “a violent favorite” (Papers, xiii, 14, 264-5 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to Maria Cosway, 24 Apr. 1788). Most of the paintings TJ saw are now in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich (Trumbull, Autobiography, p. 136-9 description begins The Autobiography of Colonel John Trumbull, ed. Theodore Sizer, New Haven, 1953 description ends ). On the way to Cologne TJ stopped to view Schloss Benrath, the Elector’s summer palace built by Nicolas de Pigage.

63. Date from MHi rough account; TJ failed to enter a figure.

64. At Bonn TJ saw the Elector of Cologne’s palace, now part of the University (Papers, xiii, 265 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

65. At Koblenz TJ saw the medieval fortress of Ehrenbreitstein and the palace just completed for the Elector of Trier, particularly noting its system of central heating (Papers, xiii, 265 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

66. Of the sights of Frankfurt, which TJ called “worth examining in detail,” TJ made no mention (Papers, xiii, 266 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). He met the Baron de Geismar here and on 8 Apr. they went together to Hanau, where TJ saw other Hessian officers he had known at Charlottesville during the Revolution. They also visited Wilhelmsbad, the pleasure ground near Hanau recently laid out in the English style for the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel by F. L. Cancrin. TJ was much taken with several of its fabriques, including a hermitage with a polychrome plaster hermit (TJ to Geismar, 18 Mch. 1788; TJ to William Short, 9 Apr. 1788; Papers, xiii, 17-18 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

67. While staying at the large and magnificent Red House in Frankfurt, TJ sampled some of the fine local wines from the cellar of its landlord, John Adam Dick (Maison Rouge bill, 10 Apr. 1788, MHi; Papers, xiii, xxv, 20, 266 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Berry, Journals, i, 24 description begins Extracts of the Journals and Correspondence of Miss [Mary] Berry, ed. Theresa Lewis, London, 1865, 3 vols. description ends ).

68. In a small boat with a sail and two oarsmen, TJ sailed from Mainz to Rüdesheim and returned by land, stopping along the way to examine the vineyards near Rüdesheim (Hinterhaus and Rüdesheimerberg) and those of Schloss Johannisberg and Markobrunn. The vines he bought flourished in his garden at the Hôtel de Langeac and he looked forward to offering “a glass of Hock or Rudesheim of my own making” to the Baron de Geismar, should he revisit Monticello (TJ to Geismar, 13 July 1788). There is no record that TJ succeeded in making wine from these German stocks. TJ’s detailed notes on viniculture in the Rheingau are in Papers, xiii, 19-21 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

69. Having suffered through the muddy tracks between Bonn and Frankfurt, TJ more cheerfully paid the road taxes on the gravelled chaussées to the south (TJ to William Short, 9 Apr. 1788; Papers, xiii, 26 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

70. Of the sights of Mannheim, TJ mentioned only the observatory and the palace of the Palatinate Elector, which then had a very large art gallery as well as cabinets of antiquities and natural history (Papers, xiii, 266-7 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Berry, Journals, i, 25 description begins Extracts of the Journals and Correspondence of Miss [Mary] Berry, ed. Theresa Lewis, London, 1865, 3 vols. description ends ).

71. At Heidelberg TJ visited the castle, “the most magnificent ruin after those left us by the antients,” taking time to measure the famous Grosses Fass, the huge wine barrel which is still an attraction at the site. Afterwards he went to the gardens at Schwetzingen, where he preferred the section in the English style (TJ to Maria Cosway, 24 Apr. 1788; Papers, xiii, 23-4, 267 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

72. At Käfertal TJ saw the Elector’s wild boars and a private rhubarb plantation (Papers, xiii, 24, 267 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

73. Of the sights he saw at Karlsruhe TJ mentioned only the palace and gardens of the Margrave of Baden (Papers, xiii, 25, 267 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ). A map of Karlsruhe, then being developed according to a comprehensive plan by Friedrich Weinbrenner, was one of many TJ later sent to Pierre L’Enfant to aid in the creation of the city of Washington (TJ to L’Enfant, 10 Apr. 1791).

74. Because of his personal motives for turning south into Germany after concluding the public business in Amsterdam, TJ later decided to charge the United States only half the expenses of his return journey, 901 livres 3 sous (MB 23 Apr. 1788; Account with U.S. 1792, 23 Apr. 1788 description begins “Account with U.S. of America as their Minister Plenipotentiary in Europe. Exact copy as given in to the Auditor July. 1792” DLC: TJ Papers, 13286-94. See Papers, XXIV, 175-89. description ends ).

75. The von Türckheim or de Turcheim family had been bankers at Strasbourg since the sixteenth century. For a detailed account of TJ’s stay in Strasbourg, see Howard C. Rice, Jr., “Thomas Jefferson à Strasbourg (1788),” Cahiers Alsaciens d’archéologie, d’art et d’histoire, i (1958), 137-54.

76.  Gerard Walter was a dealer in fine furnishings opposite the Hôtel de Ville, Strasbourg. The compotiers may have been Niderviller as Walter specialized in this porcelain (Walter trade card, MHi).

77. TJ considered Amand Koenig’s bookshop in the Rue des Grandes-Arcades the best in Europe for the purchase of classical works and continued to buy from him throughout his stay in Paris (Papers, xiii, xxviii, 267 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to George Ticknor, 19 Mch. 1815).

78. Strasbourg’s Hôtel de l’Esprit was on the Quai Saint-Thomas. The hotel and TJ’s bill for lodging are illustrated in Papers, xiii, facing p. 17 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends .

79. At Strasbourg TJ saw the Château des Rohan and the cathedral, climbing the 662 steps to the top of its steeple (Papers, xiii, 267 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

80. Here TJ omitted: “Saudrupt 9₶ charities &c. 2₶” (Rough account, MHi).

81.  Cousin, keeper of the Hôtel de Rohan at Épernay, accompanied TJ to the cellars of Ay. There TJ purchased still champagne, which he always preferred to the sparkling variety (Papers, xiii, 29-32 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; TJ to William Short, 12 Aug. 1790; TJ to Fulwar Skipwith, 4 May 1803; Cousin trade card, MHi).

82. Here TJ omitted: “St. Jean 6₶” (Rough account, MHi).

83. On the verso of Espagnol’s memorandum, now in MHi, are TJ’s preliminary sketches for his moldboard of least resistance (Papers, xiii, xxv-xxvi, illustration facing p. 16 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ).

84. TJ had been authorized in 1786 to settle the claims of Schweighauser & Dobrée, representatives of the late Daniel Schweighauser, an agent of the Continental Congress during the Revolution. TJ’s intervention in this complex affair brought no resolution and the claim was still unsettled at the end of his presidency. See John Jay to TJ, 27 Oct. 1786; TJ to Schweighauser & Dobrée, 27 June 1788; note to TJ to Rayneval, 17 Apr. 1789; and TJ’s “State of the Case” in Papers, xiv, 315-23.

85. TJ had been ordered to receive and forward to the Board of Treasury the consular papers of Thomas Barclay (MB 3 Oct. 1788, 1 Apr. 1789; Commissioners of Treasury to TJ, 5 Dec. 1787, 22 July 1788; TJ to Commissioners, 6 Sep. 1788).

86. The Château d’Yquem paid for in 1789 (MB 2 Feb. 1789).

87. TJ’s total payments to William Short exceed the 1787 loan by 66₶–10. This was to resolve the discrepancy between the 375 livres left with Short in March to pay for Burgundy wine and the 441₶–10 Short actually paid (MB 28 July 1787, 3 Mch. 1788; Short account with TJ, 3 May 1788, DLC: Short Papers, 3: 398-9).

88. Correctly April.

89. After the depletion of United States funds in 1786, Ferdinand Grand had used 29,765 livres of Virginia funds and 49,180 livres of his own to sustain the American diplomatic establishment in Europe (MB 17 July 1785, 28 July 1787; TJ to John Jay, 16 Mch. 1788; TJ to Commissioners of Treasury, 16 May 1788).

90. TJ never completed this figure, which was 13,146₶–6. From 24 Sep. 1785 to 24 Apr. 1788 William Short had earned 18,716₶–5. He had actually received, besides TJ’s April and May payments, only 4,800 livres, furnished by Ferdinand Grand at various times in 1786 and 1787 (MB 28 July 1787, 28 Apr., 3 May 1788; Short account with U.S., DLC: Short Papers, 1: 76).

91. Correctly 39₶–2.

92. From this date, with the exception of a brief spell of balance in the spring of 1789, TJ remained generally from 1,000 to 2,000 livres behind in his payments to Adrien Petit for the household accounts.

93.  Procureur du roi Louis Dominique Ethis de Corny (1738-1790) and his wife, who lived on the Chaussée d’Antin, were close friends of both TJ and Maria Cosway. TJ had had Charpentier alter M. de Corny’s copying press to improve its operation (TJ to De Corny, 17 Dec. 1787; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 42-3 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ; TJ specifications and diagrams for “M. de C.’s travelling copying press,” ViU).

94. Here begins TJ’s involvement in the disordered financial affairs of John and Lucy Ludwell Paradise, who had arrived in Paris in May. This particular loan was soon repaid, but from Oct. 1788 to Aug. 1789 TJ lent Paradise a further 4,224 livres, which was repaid in full by the spring of 1790 (MB 3 Nov. 1788, 21 Apr. 1790; TJ to Ferdinand Grand, 26 June 1788; TJ to Edward Bancroft, 30 Mch., 12 July 1789). For a complete account of TJ’s relations with the Paradises, see Archibald Bolling Shepperson, John Paradise and Lucy Ludwell of London and Williamsburg (Richmond, 1942).

95.  Louis Nicolas Prevost was a bookseller on the Quai des Augustins. This was a freight payment for books TJ had purchased in Strasbourg (Lottin, Catalogue, p. 143 description begins [Augustin Martin Lottin], Catalogue chronologique des libraires et des libraires-imprimeurs de Paris, 1789, repr. Amsterdam, 1969 description ends ; MB 18 Apr. 1788; Amand Koenig to TJ, 26 May 1788).

96. TJ paid postage for Edward Carrington’s and John Jay’s letters of 9 June 1788, which contained news of the accession of South Carolina to the new constitution. The suppression of the packet boats between New York and Le Havre brought increased postage costs as Jay and others in New York now had to send TJ’s mail via Amsterdam (William Short to John Rutledge, 11 July 1788, DLC: Short Papers; MB 5 Sep. 1788, 28 July 1789).

97. TJ presumably wrote “protested” on 25 July when Ferdinand Grand returned the draft (Grand to TJ, 25 July 1788; TJ to Banister, 27 July 1788).

98. After his journey to southern France in 1787, TJ wrote of the olive tree: “I never had my wishes so kindled for the introduction of any article of new culture into our own country.” He persuaded William Drayton to authorize the purchase of olive trees for the South Carolina agricultural society. Stephen Cathalan at Marseilles was commissioned to procure them, and the first shipment of trees reached Charleston in 1791. TJ’s enthusiasm for the olive tree was unwaning, but to his disappointment his efforts yielded only a few trees for private gardens rather than the orchards he had envisioned (TJ to Drayton, 30 July 1787, 7 May 1789; TJ to George Wythe, 16 Sep. 1787; TJ to Cathalan, 22 Mch. 1804; TJ to James Ronaldson, 12 Jan. 1813; TJ to Nicholas Herbemont, 3 Nov. 1822; TJ’s list of his services to his country, L & B, i, 258 description begins Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, “Memorial Edition,” Washington, D.C., 1903-1904, 20 vols. description ends ).

99. This was the cost of two cast iron heating stoves in antique style which TJ had seen while in Cologne. They were columnar in form and had urn-shaped domes. The larger was placed in the salon of the Hôtel de Langeac and both were later shipped to America (TJ to Jean Jacques Peuchen, 7 Apr., 22 Aug. 1788; Peuchen to TJ, 25 Apr. 1788; Peuchen’s translation of account of the “Serrurier Göbell,” undated, MHi; Packing List 1790, Crates No. 30 and 31 description begins Itemized invoice of Grevin, maitre layetier, 17 July 1790. DLC: William Short Papers description ends ).

1. For a partial list of books TJ received from Amsterdam bookseller Pierre Van Damme, see TJ to Van Damme, 18, 21, 23 Mch. 1788.

2. At the traditional Fourth of July dinner there were twenty-three persons, including the Lafayettes, the Paradises, Philip Mazzei, Daniel Parker, Joel Barlow, George Washington Greene, and other Americans (William Short to Edward Carrington, 5 July 1788; Short to T. L. Shippen, 11 July 1788, DLC: Short Papers).

3. Partial payment for a carriage (see MB 26 Nov. 1788).

4. No record has been found of repayment by Gaudenzio Clerici, whom TJ had known at Annapolis, of this or a later loan (MB 31 Aug. 1788; Clerici to TJ, 28 July, 31 Aug. 1788, 20 Jan. 1789; TJ to Clerici, 2 and 31 Aug. 1788).

5. That is, Lambert. The payment was for a manuscript copy of the meteorological observations made at Marseilles from 1779 to 1786 by Pons Joseph Bernard (Bernard to TJ, 1 Mch. 1788; Stephen Cathalan to TJ, 11 June 1788; TJ to Bernard, 12 Aug. 1788; Sowerby, No. 656 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

6. TJ considered the morning hailstorm of 13 July 1788 “the coup de grace to an expiring victim.” The hailstones, some reportedly weighing ten pounds, destroyed the wheat crop in a large area surrounding Paris (TJ to St. John de Crèvecoeur, 9 Aug. 1788; Journal de Paris, 15 and 19 July 1788).

7. The arrêt announcing the convening of the Estates General for May 1789 was published this morning; TJ sent a copy to John Jay (TJ to Jay, 11 Aug. 1788).

8. This was a pochette or kit which TJ used for practice and later gave to a student at the University of Virginia (Cripe, Jefferson and Music, p. 44-5 description begins Helen C. Cripe, Thomas Jefferson and Music, Charlottesville, Va., 1974 description ends ).

9. TJ took his daughters and young Kitty Church on this outing to a favorite resort of fashionable Parisians, the pavilion and gardens of the Comte d’Artois in the Bois de Boulogne. Bagatelle, built in 1777, and its Anglo-Chinese gardens were designed by François Joseph Bélanger. They survive today in much altered form. TJ had visited Bagatelle at least once before, with Maria Cosway in 1786 (TJ to John Trumbull, 24 Aug. 1787; TJ to Mrs. Cosway, 12 Oct. 1786; Thiéry, Guide, i, 25-30 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 102, 104 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ).

10.  Anthony Gerna, Dublin bookseller (TJ to Gerna, 18 May 1788).

11. In late 1786 TJ had turned his mind to new ways of combatting Buffon’s theory of the degeneracy of animals in America. In order to topple one of the two “pillars” of this theory—the belief that the atmosphere of America was more humid than that of Europe—he first needed to find a hygrometer suitable for comparative observations. By this date he had at least three—the present purchase and two sent by Benjamin Vaughan in Apr. 1788. One, made by the London firm of Nairne & Blunt, was Jean André Deluc’s whalebone hygrometer (not his better known ivory bulb type) and the other was a wooden one designed by Vaughan after a principle of Benjamin Franklin. The instrument TJ bought from Ferdinand Grand was Horace Bénédict de Saussure’s hair hygrometer, the most accurate and widely used type using porous material, and still used today. TJ developed his own plan for a wooden hygrometer on Franklin’s principle, but apparently did not execute it before he left France (TJ to Vaughan, 29 Dec. 1786, 23 July 1788, 17 May 1789; Vaughan to TJ, 26 Jan. 1787, 5 Apr. 1788). TJ entered hygrometer readings in his weather record beginning 1 June 1788 with Deluc’s instrument and adding Saussure’s on 1 Sep. 1788 (MB end 1790).

12. This guitar was for Mary Jefferson (Cripe, Jefferson and Music, p. 47-8 description begins Helen C. Cripe, Thomas Jefferson and Music, Charlottesville, Va., 1974 description ends ).

13. TJ’s check marks indicate expenses to be charged to the United States. He probably made the marks, which cease with the 1 Apr. 1789 entry, when preparing his preliminary accounts with the United States in the spring of 1789.

14. William Short’s cousin Fulwar Skipwith (1765-1839) of Virginia had procured for TJ a sixteen-pound cheese in London. Skipwith was appointed consul for Martinique in 1790, consul general in France in 1795, and commercial agent at Paris in 1802 (Skipwith to Short, 14 June 1788, DLC: Short Papers; TJ to Skipwith, 23 June 1790; Walter Prichard, “Selecting a Governor for the Territory of Orleans,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly, xxxi [1948], 297-309).

15. A French version of Benjamin Franklin’s Information to Those Who Would Remove to America (TJ to Gallimard, 29 July 1788, note; Sowerby, No. 2567 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ).

16. This was the date TJ proposed to take a leave of absence in America, with the intention of returning to a less expensive residence in Paris. Unable to find a suitable house, he later negotiated a reduction in rent instead of terminating the lease of the Hôtel de Langeac (MB 14 Apr. 1789; TJ to Langeac, 10 Oct. 1788, 15 Feb. 1789; Langeac to TJ, 10 Oct. 1788). TJ officially requested leave in his letter of 19 Nov. 1788 to John Jay, but the inchoate state of the American government delayed the arrival of his permission until Aug. 1789.

17. This is probably the coordinate paper designated CQ in Kimball, TJ Architect, p. 116-17 description begins Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 1916, repr. New York, 1968 description ends . Nine sheets, made by “Crepy rue S. Jacques à S. Pierre près la rue de la parcheminerie,” survive among TJ’s papers: eight blank sheets in ViU and one with a drawing in MHi (Nichols, No. 458 description begins Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, ed. Frederick D. Nichols, 4th ed., Charlottesville, Va., 1978 description ends ). For a discussion of TJ’s pioneering use of graph paper for architectural drawings, see Peter Collins, “The Origins of Graph Paper as an Influence on Architectural Design,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, xxi (1962), 159-62.

18. The optician H. Sykes had a fashionable shop at the Palais-Royal where he sold, besides the articles of his trade, prints and items of British manufacture (Thiéry, Guide, i, 223-4 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ; Morris, Diary, i, 354 description begins Gouverneur Morris, A Diary of the French Revolution, ed. Beatrix Cary Davenport, Boston, 1939, 2 vols. description ends ; Maurice Daumas, Les instruments scientifiques aux xviie et xviiie siècles [Paris, 1953], p. 228, 317).

19. Correctly 98₶–15. The error is repeated in the total 496₶–17, which should be 497₶–6.

20.  Sartorius was a banker on the Rue de Bourbon-Villeneuve, now the Rue d’Aboukir (Thiéry, Guide, ii, 697 description begins Luc Vincent Thiéry, Guide des amateurs et des étrangers voyageurs à Paris, Paris, 1787, 2 vols. description ends ). For the articles for which André Limozin paid the shipping costs, see TJ to Limozin, 21 Aug. 1788.

21. Probably coordinate drawing paper BD; three blank sheets (ViU) and a large number with drawings have survived among TJ’s papers (MB 17 Oct. 1788; Kimball, TJ Architect, p. 112 description begins Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 1916, repr. New York, 1968 description ends ).

22.  Thomas Lee Shippen, son of Dr. William Shippen, Jr., of Philadelphia, had just arrived in Paris after a tour of the continent. This loan was repaid through John Trumbull (Papers, xii, 502-4 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends ; Trumbull to TJ, 10 Mch. 1789).

23. The new Franco-American Consular Convention and TJ’s Observations on the Whale-Fishery had been printed by imprimeur du Roi Jacques Gabriel Clousier. The “squalls of work” associated with these two documents, printed in Papers, xiv, 171-80, 242-56 description begins Julian P. Boyd and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton, N.J., 1950- description ends , had prevented TJ from making a projected trip to view the vendange in Champagne (TJ to William Short, 21 Nov. 1788; TJ to T. L. Shippen, 29 Sep. 1788; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 81 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ).

24. London carriage maker John Kemp had made for TJ a crane neck chariot, which, with brass harness for four horses, cost £171–5. It was brought to Paris in Jan. 1789 by Daniel Parker. TJ intended this vehicle for the use of his daughters and he took it to Virginia in 1789 (TJ to John Trumbull, 24 Aug., 10 Sep. 1788; Trumbull to TJ, 18 Nov. 1788, 18 Jan. 1789; List of Baggage, c. 1 Sep. 1789, Papers, xv, 376).

25. Correctly 96. TJ had changed the dinner figure in the first column from 11 to 21, but failed to change this figure. He did, however, use the correct total when refiguring the average dinner cost, writing the “9–3” over “10–2.”

26. Correctly 271₶₶–14.

27. This figure, the vertical total, is written over “1795–7,” the sum of the horizontal figures, including the incorrect 256₶–14.

28.  Laurent Noël Pissot was a bookseller and printer on the Quai des Augustins. TJ promoted Pissot’s pirated editions of British authors and subscribed to his English-language newspapers (Lottin, Catalogue, p. 141 description begins [Augustin Martin Lottin], Catalogue chronologique des libraires et des libraires-imprimeurs de Paris, 1789, repr. Amsterdam, 1969 description ends ; TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 6 July 1788; Rice, Jefferson’s Paris, p. 78 description begins Howard C. Rice, Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris, Princeton, N.J., 1976 description ends ; Sowerby, Nos. 101, 4658 description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-1959, 6 vols. description ends ; MB 1 Jan. 1789).

29. This vehicle, probably secondhand, was shipped to Philadelphia in 1790 (Packing List 1790, Crate No. 85 description begins Itemized invoice of Grevin, maitre layetier, 17 July 1790. DLC: William Short Papers description ends ).