Philip Mazzei to Thomas Jefferson, [22] October 1815
From Philip Mazzei
Pisa, 5 [22] 8bre, 1815
Degnissimo e Carissimo Amico,
Alla grata, e amorevolissima sua del 29 xbre, 1813, pe[r]venutami per mezzo del Sigr David Bailey Wandeny nostro Console1 a Parigi, feci subito una breve risposta, e la mandai al Sigr Guglielmo Enrico Crawford nostro Ministro Plenipotenziario in Francia, per mezzo del nostro Console all’Isole Boreali, il quale (venendo da Livorno per andare a Parigi, e di là tornarsene al suo posto) ebbe la bontà di trattenersi un giorno e una notte in casa mia colla sua numerosa e angelica famiglia.
Ò tradotto la sua lettera per comunicarla agli Amici qui, a Livorno, a Lucca, e a Firenze. Il tutto è stato letto con sommo piacere, a riserva del tradimento del nostro primo Generale, e del massacro alle Frontiere, che ànno eccitato lo sdegno e l’ira universale.
Il Sigr Bernardo Lessi, Legale sommo, stato Auditore qui e a Livorno, Avvocato regio in Firenze, poi Auditore nel Supremo Tribunal di Giustizia, ed è ora Membro della Real Consulta (la quale rappresenta il Sovrano) mi ci rispose come segue. “Ò letto l’interessantissima lettera di Jefferson con sommo piacere, ed ò ammirato l’uomo di stato, l’amico dei suoi simili, il vero Amico vostro. Non lasciai trascorrere un momento per comunicarla al Fabbroni ed eccovi la sua risposta.” (son veramente grato all’amico Filippo e a voi per la comunicazione dell’interessante lettera. Il candore che vi regna, e il carattere di chi la scrive, danno la più alta autenticità ai fatti, che stanno in constrasto con i fatti riferiti dai novisti venali.2 Avrei curiosità di sapere quel che è seguito dal Gennaio a questa parte.)
N. B. Continovazione della lettera di Lessi:
“Intanto ritorno nelle vostre mani l’interessantissima lettera di Jefferson, ed unisco al plico i recapiti riguardanti l’eredità del Bellini. Le sorelle morirono, e l’Erede è un certo Prete Fancelli che sta al Pignone,3 in correspettività dei soccorsi caritatevoli dati alle medesime quando erano in vita. La Luisa, che fa testamento, stava e morì in casa sua, ed era trattata, ed assistita come se fosse stata sua sorella. I recapiti che vi mando non ànno firma di mercanti, per quanto abbiano tutte le altre legalizzazioni. Non vorrei che fossero infruttuosi, giacchè ànno costato mille impazzamenti.” (Ella si ricorderà, che mandai al Signor Bracken la Procura delle sorelle del Bellini per autorizzarlo a vendere il Moro, la Mora e i mobili che lasciò il fratello.)4 Le sopraddette carte di Procura (che Lessi5 dice aver costato mille impazzamenti)6 sono voluminose, e avrebbe costato molto il mandarle a Parigi per la Posta, onde ò aspettato che vengano a Livorno i nostri Bastimenti Americani7 dei quali si spera che ne venranno molti, e presto; ma intanto La prego d’informarsi di quel che à fatto Bracken, onde poter’ agire subito che riceverà le sopraddette carte.
Ella mi dice “Il messaggio del Presidente all’apertura del Congresso vi darà un dettaglio esatto della nostra condotta. Conoscendo il vostro affetto per questo paese, e il vostro desiderio della sua prosperità, ò creduto che la relazione dei suoi eventi vi avrebbe fatto piacere.” Desidero di vederla, ma se non me la manda presto, non la vedrò. Si ricordi che ò 11 anni più di Lei, come ne à Ella più di Madison; e oltre il peso degli 84 anni (terminati il 25 del passato xbre)8 ò le gambe molto molto9 enfiate, non ò appetito,10 e soffro molto a motivo d’una fasciatura con un piombo, che pigia fortemente sul Pube, onde impedire all’intestino colon il transito nello scroto, dove inevitabilmente formerebbe un’ernia incarcerata.
Le son molto grato della vendita della mia casa e Lot in Richmond, il cui prodotto à 11 superato la mia aspettativa; ma gradirei che mi fosse rimesso immediatamente per più motivi. Ella probabilmente saprà, che l’insaziabil tirannia dell’iniquo Napoleone à rovinato tutti i Paesi che à potuto invadere, e che gl’individui più angariati sono stati i conosciuti, o supposti nemici del Potere arbitrario. Conseguentemente io sono stato uno dei più perseguitati, onde le mie finanze ànno sofferto molto, e mi sarebbe di gran sollievo il poter ritirare immediatamente il prodotto del mio stabile in Richmond, poi chè la grande scarsezza del denaro fà sì, che può impiegarsi adesso con mallevadoria territoriale a uno per 100 il mese. Io dunque rilascierei volentieri al compratore una somma discreta, piuttosto che aspettare a incassare il capitale uno, o 2 anni. La prego di farmene ottener l’intento, poichè (oltre il maggior frutto che attualmente produrrebbe qui) difficilmente si ottiene dagli Esecutori testamentarj l’attenzione e circospezione d’un marito e d’un padre. E quanto alla somma da rilasciarsi al compratore, mi rimetto intieramente alla sua discretezza.
Per darle un’idea della presente12 scarsezza del denaro in questo paese, Le dirò, che il Granduca à chiesto ai suoi sudditi l’imprestito d’un milioni di scudi per un’anno, al frutto d’8 per 100.
Il Pacchetto contenente i fogli relativi alla piccola eredità del Bellini fù consegnato dal nostro Console Appleton al Capitano Jenkins, che il 7 Agosto, partì da Livorno per Baltimore col suo Bastimento l’Adeline13
Quanto a Derieux, che à 10, o 12 figli, e l’à14 pregato di raccomandarmelo, e dirmi, che “any crumbs from my property would help him to subsist”15 La prego di dargli per conto mio16 18, o 2017 dollars, rammemorandogli che18 io non diedi mai il mio consenso per il suo imprudente matrimonio colla mia figliastra, (causato dalle loro scellerate madri.) e abbia la bontà di rammemorargli ancora, che (senza mia saputa)19 quando venne20 di francia, a21 Charles town, e mi notificò la sua trista situazione (la moglie aveva abortito, ed non avendo un soldo),22 e gli mandai una somma non indifferente, che dopo glie ne diedi un’altra alla mia partenza, oltre la libertà di abitar nella mia casa a Colle, far uso dei prodotti, e23 farvi un piccol commercio, e che la cambiale che mi diede24 per le 2 de somme l’ò bruciata
Quando25 Ella era in Parigi Ministro degli Stati Uniti, e vi ero anch’io (essendo26 Incaricato d’Affari dl Rè e della Repubblica di Pollonia, a quella Corte)27 Ella partì per andar’ a veder l’Italia; ma il contenuto in28 una lettera del Presidente del Congresso29 l’obbligò a ritornare al suo posto quando non aveva neppur veduta tutta la Lombardia, e gli affari non Le permessero mai di ritornarvi. Se ne avesse tuttavia il desiderio, potrebbe venir qua in un bastimento da guerra, ed io (non ostante la mia decrepita età e i sopraddetti incomodi) l’accompagnerei non solo nel giro dell’Italia, ma ritornerei probabilmente seco per seco terminare i miei giorni in Patria libera. 30 Il Granduca Leopoldo mi permesse, come Ella si ricorderà, di condur meco degli uomini e un’intiera famiglia per introdurvi l’arte di coltivar delle vigne; e il presente Sovrano suo Figlio mi à detto, che se avesse il piacere di veder La qua,31 Le lascierà condurre anche una32 dozzina. Ella saprà che fù obbligato d’abbandonare il suo stato, mediante la preponderanza dell’iniquo Napoleone, che è finalmente annichilato. Al suo ritorno, essendo venuto a Pisa con un suo Segretario privato, che è mio amico, gli feci sapere, che desideravo ardentemente d’andare a rendergli il mio omaggio; ma che m’era impedito dal non potermi vestir decentemente, mediante le necessarie precauzioni contro la minaccia d’un’ernia incarcerata ed egli mi fece sapere che mi avrebbe veduto volentieri33 anche in veste da camera. Aveva saputo che avevo ricevuto una lettera da Lei, che l’avevo tradotta per farla conoscere agli Amici, e me ne chiese una copia. Quel che mi disse di Lei dopo che l’ebbe letta, m’autorizza a dirle, che venendo Ella qua per vedere il resto dell’Italia, son persuaso che ne deriverebbero conseguenze molto utili per la mia cara adottiva Patria34 e altrettanto piacevoli. X In tal caso potrebbe portarmi il denaro; e se mi risolvassi ritornar con Lei in Virginia, potrò riportarvelo, farne qui l’uso che le mie circostanze richiederanno. Intanto mi confermo Suo vero, e affezionato35 Amico,
Filippo Mazzei.36
Intanto, pregandola nuovamente di darmi la consolazione di vedercela (prevedendo che la sua venuta produrrebbe ottime conseguenze per codesta mia cara Patria adottiva,) mi confermo qual sempre fui dal momento che ebbi la fortuna di conoscerla, Suo affezionato e costante amico,
Filippo Mazzei
⦵ Spero, che all’arrivo di questa le avrà ricevute, poichè partirono da Livorno per Baltimore il 7 Agosto nel Bastimento l’Adeline, Capitan Jenkins, al quale furon consegnate dan nostro Console Appleton.37
Editors’ Translation
Pisa, 5 [22] October, 1815
Most Worthy and Dearest Friend,
To your welcome and very fond letter of 29 December 1813, which reached me through Mr. David Bailie Warden our consul at Paris, I immediately wrote a brief reply, and I sent it to Mr. William Harris Crawford our minister plenipotentiary in France, by way of our consul in the Balearic Islands, who (coming from Leghorn to Paris and from there returning to his post) had the goodness to stay a day and a night in my house with his numerous and angelic family.
I translated your letter so as to communicate it to friends here, in Leghorn, Lucca, and Florence. The contents were read with great pleasure except for the sections on the betrayal of our foremost general and the massacre on the border, both of which have roused universal disdain and anger.
Mr. Bernardo Lessi, an excellent lawyer and formerly auditor here and in Leghorn, royal advocate in Florence, later auditor of the supreme court of justice, and now a member of the royal council (which represents the sovereign) answered me as follows: “I read Jefferson’s very interesting letter with great pleasure and admire him as a statesman, a friend to his fellow man, and a true friend to you. I did not let a moment pass before communicating it to Fabbroni and here is his response.” (I am truly grateful to our friend Philip and to you for communicating this interesting letter. Its pervasive candor and its author’s character lend the utmost authenticity to the facts it contains, which contrast with those reported by writers for hire. I would be curious to know what has happened since January.)
N.B. Lessi’s letter continues:
“In the meantime I am returning Jefferson’s most interesting letter to you, and I am including in the package the documents regarding Bellini’s estate. His sisters have died, and the heir is a certain Father Fancelli who lives in Pignone and is being compensated for the care he gave the sisters during their lifetime. Luisa, who wrote the will, lived and died in his home and was treated and cared for as if she were his sister. The papers I am sending you do not have the merchants’ signature, although they have all the other legal authentications. I hope that these papers will not prove useless, especially as they have already caused a thousand headaches.” (You will recall that I sent the Bellini sisters’ power-of-attorney to Mr. Bracken to allow him to sell the negro, the negress, and the furniture left by their brother.) The abovementioned proxy papers (which Lessi said cost a thousand headaches) are voluminous, and it would have cost a great deal to send them to Paris by mail. I have waited for our American ships to come to Leghorn. I hope many will come soon, but in the meantime I would ask you to find out please what Bracken did, so as to be able to act quickly as soon as you receive the above papers.
You say to me, “The President’s message at the opening of Congress will give you an exact account of our actions. Knowing your affection for this country and your wishes for its prosperity, I thought that a report on its events would please you.” I want to see it, but if you do not send it to me soon, I will not. Remember, I am eleven years your senior, just as you are older than Madison. And, in addition to the weight of my eighty-four years (completed on the 25th of last December) my legs are very, very swollen, I have no appetite, and I am in great pain as I have to wear a support belt with a lead seal that presses heavily against my groin, in order to prevent my colon from entering into my scrotum, which would inevitably lead to a strangulated hernia.
I am very grateful to you for the sale of my house and lot in Richmond, the proceeds of which surpassed my expectation. But for a number of reasons I would prefer that they be remitted to me immediately. You probably know that the insatiable tyranny of the iniquitous Napoleon has ruined all the countries that he managed to dominate, and that the known, or alleged, enemies of arbitrary power have been the most oppressed. Consequently, I have been one of the most persecuted, and as a result my finances have suffered greatly. I would be greatly relieved if I could collect the income from my estate in Richmond immediately, especially as the great scarcity of money is such that one can now invest in landed securities at a rate of 1 percent per month. Therefore I would willingly discount the sale to the buyer rather than wait one or two years to receive the principal. Please help me accomplish this, because (besides the greater profit that it would currently produce here) it is difficult to get the same kind of care and attention from estate executors that one gets from a husband or a father. As for the amount of the buyer’s discount, I confide myself entirely to your discretion.
To give you an idea of the present scarcity of money in this country, I will tell you that the grand duke has asked his subjects for the loan of a million scudi for one year, yielding 8 percent.
The packet containing the papers concerning the small estate of Bellini was delivered by our consul Appleton to Captain Jenkins, who left Leghorn for Baltimore on his ship, the Adeline, on 7 August.
As for Derieux, who has ten or twelve children, and who begged you to recommend him to me and tell me that “any crumbs from my property would help him to subsist,” please give him on my behalf 18 or 20 dollars, reminding him that I never gave my consent for his imprudent marriage to my stepdaughter (which was brought about by their wicked mothers), and please be so good as also to remind him again, that when (without my knowledge) they came from France to Charleston, and he notified me of his sad situation (his wife having miscarried and he being penniless), I sent him a not inconsequential sum, and then I gave him another on my departure, as well as the freedom to use my house at Colle and its revenue and to make a small business, and that I burned his promissory note for the two aforementioned sums.
When you were United States minister in Paris, and I was also there (being the chargé d’affaires of the king and of the republic of Poland to that court), you left to tour Italy, but the contents of a letter from the president of the congress obliged you to return to your post when you had not yet even seen all of Lombardy, and events have never permitted you to return there. If you still have the desire, you could come here in a warship and (notwithstanding my decrepit age and the abovementioned discomforts) I would accompany you not only on a tour of Italy, but I would probably return with you to end my days in a free country. As you will remember, Grand Duke Leopold allowed me to bring some men and an entire family with me to introduce there the art of vineyard cultivation. The present sovereign, his son, told me that if he had the pleasure of seeing you here he would let me take as many as a dozen men there. You know that he was obliged to abandon his state when he was overpowered by the iniquitous Napoleon, who has finally been annihilated. On his return, having come to Pisa with his private secretary, who is my friend, I let him know that I ardently wished to go and pay him my respects, but that I was prevented by being unable to dress decently, because of the necessary precautions I have to take against the threat of a strangulated hernia, and he let me know that he would willingly see me even in my dressing gown. He had learned that I had received a letter from you, which I had translated to share with friends, and he asked me for a copy of it. What he told me about you after he read it, authorizes me to tell you, that should you come here to see the rest of Italy, I am convinced that my dear adoptive country would derive very profitable and pleasant consequences from it.X In that case you could bring me the money; and if I resolved to return with you to Virginia, I could bring it back there and make use of it as my circumstances would require. Meanwhile I confirm myself your true and affectionate friend,
Philip Mazzei
Meanwhile, begging you again to give me the consolation of seeing you (expecting that your arrival would produce excellent consequences for my dear adoptive country) I confirm myself as being what I have been from the moment that I had the fortune of meeting you, your affectionate and constant friend,
Philip Mazzei
⦵ I hope that by the time this arrives you will have received them, because they left from Leghorn for Baltimore on 7 August in the vessel Adeline, Captain Jenkins, to whom they were delivered by our consul Appleton.
FC (ItPiAFM); dated 5 Oct. 1815, with date corrected to 22 Oct. 1815 based on SJL and TJ’s use of the later date in the Tr listed below; incomplete; corner torn; at head of text: “Copia (a Mr Jefferson).” Dft (NhD); dated 5 Oct. 1815. Tr (DLC); extract in TJ’s hand in his 24 Jan. 1816 letter to Peter Derieux; dated 22 Oct. 1815; consisting only of the paragraph on Derieux. Dft (ItPiAFM); undated and unsigned; incomplete; of similar purport to other texts, but using a different order and substantially different phrasing; relating the previous transmissions of Mazzei’s response to TJ’s letter of 29 Dec. 1813, inquiring about the funds from the sale of Mazzei’s property in Richmond, telling of his past dealings with Derieux, mentioning the Bellini estate, outlining the state of Mazzei’s health, and expressing a wish that TJ would visit Italy. Dft (ItPiAFM); undated fragment consisting only of partial paragraph on Mazzei’s dealings with Derieux and a sentence stating that the letter would depart Leghorn for Baltimore on about the 20th of the month on board the Schooner General Jackson; with note on verso in an unidentified hand stating that the Adeline, commanded by Captain Jenkins, “took the letter for Jefferson & Sail’d about the 7th of August for Baltimore,” and adding that “The merchant-vessel now in Leghorn, is the Schooner General Jackson, bound to Baltimore & will Sail about the 20th of October.” Translation by Dr. Jonathan T. Hine. Recorded in SJL as a letter of 22 Oct. 1815 received 16 Dec. 1815. Enclosed in Thomas Appleton to TJ, 25 Oct. 1815.
Mazzei apparently composed multiple versions of this letter under different dates for transmission to TJ. The initial paragraphs of this letter were themselves reworked from Mazzei’s 24 Sept. 1814 letter to TJ. Based on TJ’s partial Tr listed above, the missing RC was dated 22 Oct. 1815 and differed significantly from the text reconstructed above.
On 3 Jan. 1816 Mazzei composed yet another letter to TJ, asking that, for the reasons stated above, TJ forward the proceeds from the sale of Mazzei’s house and lot in Richmond, as well as the interest accrued since 14 July 1813 (Dft [ItPiAFM]; unsigned; written as if dictated to Elisabetta Mazzei [Pini], but in Philip Mazzei’s hand; with a postscript indicating that Mazzei had asked his daughter to prepare three copies and transmit them through Appleton; on recto of a reused address cover to Mazzei; not recorded in SJL and probably never seen by TJ).
guglielmo enrico crawford: William Harris Crawford. The console all’isole boreali was John Martin Baker. TJ told Mazzei in his letter of 29 Dec. 1813 that any crumbs from his property would help Derieux’s family. For TJ’s April 1787 visit to Italy while he was ministro degli stati uniti, see , 11:354, 432–42. News reached TJ that Arthur St. Clair had been elected presidente del congresso while he was en route to Italy early in April 1787, but official communications and instructions from St. Clair did not reach TJ until December, long after his return to Paris (, 11:129–30, 627–9).
1. NhD Dft here adds “degli Stati Uniti” (“of the United States”).
2. FC ends here, with remainder of transcription based on NhD Dft.
3. Preceding four words interlined.
4. Omitted closing parenthesis editorially supplied.
5. Reworked from “che Jefferson” (“which Jefferson”).
6. Parenthetical phrase interlined.
7. Word interlined.
8. Sentence from “degli” to this point reworked from “degli anni (che terminaranno il 25 del prossimo xbre)” (“of the years [which will be completed on the 25th of next December]”).
9. Preceding two words interlined.
10. Preceding three words interlined.
11. Mazzei here interlined and then canceled “(essendo 6342 dolleri e 21 centesimi)” (“[being $6,342.21]”), which refers to the sale price of Mazzei’s house and lot in Richmond as reported in TJ to Mazzei, 29 Dec. 1813.
12. Word interlined.
13. Preceding nine words interlined in place of a heavily reworked phrase reading, in part, “il 20 del corrente partirà parimente per Baltimore e questa sarà consegnata al capitano dello Schooner General Jackson” (“the 20th of the current month will also depart for Baltimore and this will be given to the captain of the Schooner General Jackson”).
14. Preceding seven words interlined.
15. Preceding thirteen words not in Tr.
16. Preceding five words interlined in place of phrase reading in part “carità” (“charity”). Tr reads “carità 18. o 20. dollars”
17. Preceding five words interlined.
18. For remainder of paragraph, Tr substitutes “quando venne inaspettatamente di Francia a Charlestown colla moglie (che aveva abortito nel viaggio) gli mandai il denaro per pagare il Capitano, e per venire in Virginia; che gli diedi un’altra somma rispettabile alla mia partenza di costà, e che la cambiale (che mi diede per le 2. dette somme) la bruciai subito che seppi l’infelice stato delle sue finanze” (“that when he came unexpectedly from France to Charleston with his wife [who had miscarried during the voyage] I sent him money to pay the captain and to come to Virginia; that I gave him another considerable sum on my departure, and that I burned the promissory note [which he gave me for these two sums] as soon as I learned of the unhappy state of his finances”).
19. Parenthetical phrase interlined.
20. Word interlined.
21. Preceding two words interlined.
22. Parenthetical phrase interlined.
23. Preceding five words interlined.
24. Preceding seven words interlined.
25. An unmatched opening bracket preceding this word is editorially omitted.
26. Preceding three words interlined.
27. Preceding three words interlined.
28. Preceding three words interlined.
29. Preceding two words interlined.
30. Mazzei here canceled “anche in tal caso non sarebbe necessario di rimetter qua il prodotto del mio stabile, che farei fruttare costo forse anche più che qua in questo paese” (“however in that case it will be unnecessary to send the profit from my building, which will earn interest, perhaps even more than it would in this country”).
31. Sentence from “se avesse” to this point heavily reworked, with the redundant phrase “venendo Ella qua; Le” added in addition to “di veder La qua,” with neither canceled.
32. Preceding two words interlined in place of “mezza” (“half”).
33. Preceding four words interlined.
34. Preceding six words interlined.
35. Word interlined in place of “obbligato” (“obliged”).
36. Mazzei here canceled a postscript reading “P.S. Determinandosi a venir qua, siccome io ritornerei costà con Lei, non sarebbe necessario che mi portasse il prodotto del mio stabile, mi basterebbe il frutto, ma non venendo Ella qua, Le prego di mandarmi anche il capitale il più presto possibile poi chè qua potrei farlo fruttare adesso [. . .] forse più [. . .] di qualche frutto” (“P.S. Should you decide to come here, inasmuch as I would return there with you, it would not be necessary that you bring me the principal from my property, the interest would be enough for me, but if you are not coming here, please send me the principal also as soon as possible, because I could now make it yield some more interest here”).
37. Mazzei may have intended that this sentence replace the reworked text above on the transmission of the Bellini estate documents, but if so he failed to indicate where it should be inserted.
Index Entries
- Adeline (brig) search
- Appleton, Thomas; forwards letters to TJ search
- Baker, John Martin; as consul search
- Bellini, Aurora (Maria Aurora Gaspera); and C. Bellini estate search
- Bellini, Charles (Carlo Maria Marchionne); estate of search
- Bellini, Luisa (Louisa; Maria Luisa Eleonora); and C. Bellini estate search
- Bracken, John; and C. Bellini estate search
- Colle (Albemarle Co. estate); as Derieux family residence search
- Congress, U.S.; J. Madison’s messages to search
- Crawford, William Harris; as minister plenipotentiary to France search
- Derieux, Maria Margherita Martin (Peter Derieux’s wife); stepdaughter of P. Mazzei search
- Derieux, Peter (Justin Pierre Plumard); and P. Mazzei search
- Derieux, Peter (Justin Pierre Plumard); financial situation of search
- Fabbroni, Giovanni Valentino Maria; on TJ’s letter to P. Mazzei search
- Fancelli, Giovanni Battista; and C. Bellini estate search
- Ferdinand III, Duke of Tuscany search
- General Jackson (schooner) search
- health; hernia search
- hernia search
- Italian language; letters in, from; P. Mazzei search
- Jefferson, Thomas; Business & Financial Affairs; and C. Bellini estate search
- Jefferson, Thomas; Business & Financial Affairs; and P. Mazzei’s property search
- Jefferson, Thomas; Public Service; as minister to France search
- Jefferson, Thomas; Travels; in Europe search
- Jenkins, Capt.; commandsAdeline (brig) search
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor; permits P. Mazzei’s immigration to U.S. search
- Lessi, Bernardo; and C. Bellini estate search
- Madison, James (1751–1836); annual message to Congress by search
- Mazzei, Philip; and C. Bellini’s sisters search
- Mazzei, Philip; and P. Derieux search
- Mazzei, Philip; as Polish chargé d’affaires search
- Mazzei, Philip; health of search
- Mazzei, Philip; invites TJ to Italy search
- Mazzei, Philip; letters from search
- Mazzei, Philip; plans to move to Va. search
- Mazzei, Philip; Richmond property of search
- Napoleon I, emperor of France; and Ferdinand III of Tuscany search
- Napoleon I, emperor of France; criticized search
- Pini, Elisabetta Mazzei (Philip Mazzei’s daughter; Andrea Pini’s wife); copies letters from P. Mazzei search
- Richmond, Va.; P. Mazzei’s property in search
- slaves; C. Bellini’s search
- St. Clair, Arthur; as president of Confederation Congress search
- Stanislaw II, king of Poland; and P. Mazzei search
- Warden, David Bailie; as consul at Paris search