Thomas Jefferson Papers
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John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 20 January 1820

From John Adams

Montezillo January 20th 1820—

Dear Sir

When Harris was returned a Member of Parliament a Friend introduced him to Chesterfield whom he had never seen—So Mr Harris said his Lordship you are a Member of the House of Commons—you have written upon Universal and scientifick Grammer! you have written upon Art, upon Musick, Painting and Poetry! and what has the House of Commons to do with Art, or Musick, or Painting, or Poetry, or Taste—   Have not you written upon Virtue and Happiness—I have my Lord indulged myself in speculations upon those subjects—   and what the devil has the House of Lords to do with either Happiness or Virtue.—   This Idle Tale which I had from the mouth of Sir James Harris, now Lord Malmsbury—I repeat to you for a Preface to another idle tale—which I am about to relate to you

Viz—   Too much confined by the Cold Weather—I have for a few days past whirled away the time in reading these pieces of Harris—and another intitled Philosophical Arrangements—   The Dialogue upon happiness is one of the first pieces of morals I ever read the Hermes is acknowledged a master piece—The others under the appearance of immense learning and much ingenuity contain little information, and few Ideas that are new—   I have read them with the fond delight of a young Lady reading a Romance—On account of the investigation of the Sentiments of Ancient Philosophers, Poets and Orators—and the quotations from them in their own words—such by David Williams called the beautiful rags and tatters of Antiquity—by Philosophical Arrangements he says he means Catigories or Predicaments, or general or Universal Truths—or the first Philosophy—

But I have been most amused with his endeavours to find the meaning of the Ancient Philosophers concerning the first Principles, or Elements of Matter which they reduce down to particles, so nice and mince as to become geometrical points—and this seems to me, to be much more orthodox Philosophy—and Mathematics too—than Buffons Molecules Organiquies or Epicurrus’s atoms.1 With such games at push pins have the Childish Philosophers of all Ages diverted and distracted themselves—not once considering that neither human sense nor imagination nor Intellect were ever formed to comprehend all things—Harris’s Dialogue on Happiness is worth all the Metaphysical researches of Philosophers from the beginning of the World—into the Nature of Matter and Spirit, of Energy, of Power of Activity of Motion, or any such thing—When we say God is Spirit, we know what we mean—as well as we do when we say that the Pyramids of Egypt are Matter—Let us be content therefore to believe Him to be a Spirit, that is, an Essence that we know nothing of—in which Originally and necessarily reside all energy—all Power, all Capacity—all Activity—all Wisdom—all Goodness—

Behold the Creed and Confession of Faith of your ever affectionate Friend—

John Adams

RC (DLC); in Louisa C. Smith’s hand, signed by Adams; endorsed by TJ as received 1 Feb. 1820 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Patrick Gibson, 12 May 1820, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Quincy, 21 Jan. FC (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers); dated 19 Jan. 1820.

The numerous publications of the British philospher and member of parliament James harris (1709–80) included Hermes: or, a Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Language and Universal Grammar (London, 1751; Sowerby, description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, 1952–59, 5 vols. description ends no. 4735), and Three Treatises. The First Concerning Art. The Second Concerning Music, Painting, and Poetry. The Third Concerning Happiness (London, 1744; Sowerby, description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, 1952–59, 5 vols. description ends no. 1333). sir james harris, now lord malmsbury, his namesake eldest son, was named the 1st Earl of Malmesbury in 1800 (ODNB description begins H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, 60 vols. description ends ).

In discussing the American Revolution and its aftermath, the British political theorist David Williams asserted that Americans would accept no government tainted by the evils of the British system, even if they were disguised by the arguments of Adams, Edmund Burke, or Samuel Parr, the last of which he described as incorporating the prettiest rags and tatters of antiquity (Williams, Lessons to a Young Prince, by an Old Statesman [2d ed., London, 1791; Sowerby, description begins E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, 1952–59, 5 vols. description ends no. 2798], 67).

buffons molecules organiquies or epicurrus’s atoms: Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon, posited that all living beings were composed of living organic molecules and that life was thus a physical rather than a metaphysical property. Epicurus adopted his predecessor Democritus’s belief that everything in the natural world was comprised of minute, unchangeable particles called atoms (DSB description begins Charles C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1970–80, 16 vols. description ends ).

push pins: anything trivial or childish, after the children’s game of pushpin (OED description begins James A. H. Murray, J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner, and others, eds., The Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 1989, 20 vols. description ends ).

1Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

Index Entries

  • Adams, John; and philosophy search
  • Adams, John; in D. Williams’s work search
  • Adams, John; letters from search
  • Adams, John; on God search
  • Adams, John; reading habits of search
  • Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de; theories of search
  • Burke, Edmund; writings of search
  • Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of; anecdote of search
  • Democritus (Greek philosopher) search
  • Epicurus (Greek philosopher); doctrines of search
  • games; pushpin search
  • God; J. Adams on search
  • Harris, James (1709–80); as member of parliament search
  • Harris, James (1709–80); Hermes: or, a Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Language and Universal Grammar search
  • Harris, James (1709–80); Philosophical Arrangements search
  • Harris, James (1709–80); Three Treatises … Concerning Art … Music Painting and Poetry … [and] Happiness search
  • Hermes: or, a Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Language and Universal Grammar (J. Harris) search
  • Lessons to a Young Prince, by an Old Statesman (D. Williams) search
  • Malmesbury, James Harris, 1st Earl of; relays anecdote of father search
  • Parr, Samuel; writings of search
  • Philosophical Arrangements (J. Harris) search
  • philosophy; J. Adams on search
  • Smith, Louisa Catharine (John Adams’s niece); as J. Adams’s amanuensis search
  • Three Treatises … Concerning Art … Music Painting and Poetry … [and] Happiness (J. Harris) search
  • Williams, David (1738–1816); Lessons to a Young Prince, by an Old Statesman search